Semana Santa is the Spanish term for Holy Week, the week preceding Easter in the Catholic calendar. Semana Santa commemorates the last week of Jesus' life, beginning with His arrival in Jerusalem, celebrated on Palm Sunday, and culminating in His Resurrection on Easter Sunday. Spain and many other Catholic Spanish-speaking countries are known for their elaborate processions and celebrations during Semana Santa.

Throughout Spain, penitents in Semana Santa processions typically wear a nazareno, or a cloak and hood with a pointed cap or capirote. The uniform has been in use since the Middle Ages, designed to let people practice penance publicly without revealing their identity. The penitents may walk the streets barefoot wearing chains or carrying crosses in imitation of Christ's Passion. Ironically, the anti-Catholic terrorist group Ku Klux Klan later used the nazareno as inspiration for their own uniforms.

In Spain, the cities of Seville, Malaga, and Leon have some of the most spectacular and well-known Semana Santa traditions in the country. Seville has over 50 processions over the course of the week, organized by lay Catholic brotherhoods. The processions feature pasos, floats depicting scenes of Jesus' life during his final week on Earth, which are carried on foot by costaleros hidden inside the platform. Malaga celebrations also make use of ornate floats, called tronos. In both Seville and Malaga, people watching the Semana Santa may offer extemporaneous religious songs called saetas.

Leon is known for its solemn Semana Santa events. The city's most famous procession, known as the Procesion de los Pasos or the Procesion del Encuentro, lasts for nine hours. In the most famous part of the procession, the pasos representing Saint John and La Dolorosa meet face to face in the Encuentro, or the encounter, and appear to be dancing with each other due to the movements of the penitents carrying the floats.

Semana Santa celebrations also take place in Spanish-speaking countries of South and Central America and in the Philippines. Mexico celebrates Semana Santa with processions including penitents and depicting events of the Passion, while altars and religious decorations are publicly displayed in many cities. Processions of penitents and Passion Plays dramatizing the events of the week leading up to Jesus' crucifixion are common in South American countries as well. Semana Santa events can be especially solemn in the Philippines. In one Filipino village, San Pedro Cutud, the Passion play notoriously ends with the actual crucifixion of three participants.