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What Is Brain Stem Death?

H. Lo
H. Lo

Brain stem death is a confirmation of death based upon a set of criteria that, in general, tests the brain stem reflexes. It is thought that if the brain stem does not respond to these reflexes during the examination, the brain and body are no longer able to communicate and, therefore, the patient does not have a chance at recovery. As such, the patient is then declared dead. The examination for brain stem death is not a light one, as the patient has to pass strict preconditions before being considered for the test. If the patient does pass, the procedure has to be performed by two senior doctors, and the patient has to show no brain stem reflexes on two separate occasions; that is, he must pass the test twice.

There are three stages in a brain stem death diagnosis. First, the cause of the patient’s coma must be known and the doctor must also establish that the patient suffers from brain damage that is beyond repair. Second, the patient must not be in a condition in which his brain stem dysfunction is reversible and, thus, might alter the results of the examination. For instance, medications, hypothermia and severe metabolic upset can cause the patient to not respond to brain stem stimulation. Third, the patient can't exhibit brain stem reflexes at all in response to the criteria set forth in the examination.

In the U.K., brain stem death is important in determining if a person is technically alive or dead.
In the U.K., brain stem death is important in determining if a person is technically alive or dead.

The examination will take less than half an hour long to perform, less time than it would take to prepare the patient for the test. As the doctors perform the test, they will look for signs of responses that the brain stem would normally communicate in reaction to stimulation. All of these criteria must be satisfied for a confirmation of brain stem death.

The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and physically connects it with the spinal cord.
The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and physically connects it with the spinal cord.

The first criteria is that the patient’s pupils do not constrict in response to direct light that is shined into the eyes. Second, the patient’s eyes do not blink in response to cornea stimulation, such as when the doctor strokes the cornea with a piece of cloth or tissue. Third, the patient does not respond, such as grimace, when the doctor applies firm pressure, for example, right above the eye socket. Fourth, the patient’s eyes do not move, as they normally would, in response to ice water being flushed into the ear. Fifth, the patient does not cough or gag when the doctor stimulates the back of the throat or passes a breathing tube down the airway; last, the patient does not breathe on his own when he is detached from the ventilator.

Discussion Comments

Animandel

What the diagnosis of brain stem death does is it gives the family members of patients in comas an understanding of what is happening to their loved ones. I think taking someone off of life support has to be one of the toughest decisions a child, a parent or a spouse could ever have to make.

At least when family members are told that their loved ones have already been examined and determined to be brain stem dead, they might be able to make this decision with more confidence and without regret, and without wondering what might have happened had they not made the decision they ultimately arrived at.

Feryll

Hopefully, in the not too distant future scientist will be allowed to do more research with embryo stem cells, and this will help them find ways to fight against the effects of brain stem death and other conditions. This has the potential to save a large number of lives.

I know embryo research is a hot button topic, and many people do not agree with me, but not using the materials from the embryos is not going to help anyone, and it's definitely not going to save lives.

Laotionne

I have often heard the term brain dead used to describe people who are in comas. In fact, I had a cousin who was in a car accident. His car flipped over several times before it came to a stop along side the road. When his sister called and told us what had happened, she told us that he was brain dead.

After reading this article, I now understand better what this term means, and the examinations and the science behind declaring someone brain dead.

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    • In the U.K., brain stem death is important in determining if a person is technically alive or dead.
      By: Monkey Business
      In the U.K., brain stem death is important in determining if a person is technically alive or dead.
    • The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and physically connects it with the spinal cord.
      By: WavebreakmediaMicro
      The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and physically connects it with the spinal cord.
    • A traumatic brain injury may cause brain stem death.
      By: Verity Johnson
      A traumatic brain injury may cause brain stem death.
    • Some medications can make it appear that a senior has experienced brain stem death, so medication is often withheld after she is injured so a determination can be made.
      By: krutoeva
      Some medications can make it appear that a senior has experienced brain stem death, so medication is often withheld after she is injured so a determination can be made.
    • Twelve cranial nerves originate from the brainstem nuclei.
      By: arkela
      Twelve cranial nerves originate from the brainstem nuclei.
    • Hypothermia may cause a patient not to respond to brain stem stimulation.
      By: Antalia
      Hypothermia may cause a patient not to respond to brain stem stimulation.