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What is Canine Leptospirosis?

J. Beam
J. Beam

Amongst a group of diseases that dogs can contract is Canine Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is caused by leptospires, a type of bacterium called a spirochete. When examined microscopically, leptospira is shaped similar to a question mark. If the bacterium enter the bloodstream, a dog can be infected and develop canine leptospirosis.

A dog may become infected if an open wound or skin abrasion comes into contact with the urine of an infected host. Upon entering the bloodstream, symptoms such as fever, joint pain, and nausea occur. Once the organism reaches the kidney, reproduction occurs and can lead to inflammation, kidney failure, liver failure and death. Other symptoms include excessive bleeding caused by low platelet count, depression and loss of appetite or general malaise.

Puppies should be vaccinated for leptospirosis.
Puppies should be vaccinated for leptospirosis.

To help prevent the contraction of canine leptospirosis, dogs receive the lepto vaccine as part of routine puppy vaccinations and later the basic distemper vaccine. The vaccine is generally called DHLPP, with the L representing leptospirosis. Though the vaccine may not prevent all outbreaks, it is useful in the prevention of four strains by generating antibodies.

Rats can be infected by -- and spread -- the Leptospira bacteria.
Rats can be infected by -- and spread -- the Leptospira bacteria.

Leptospirosis is detected through blood testing. An infected dog may become ill, but treatment is possible as the bacteria causing the disease have thus far been sensitive to penicillin. Nonetheless, treatment of an infected dog often requires additional veterinarian intervention including intravenous fluids, tetracycline therapy and possibly hemodialysis. The success of treatment and prognosis depends largely upon the stage of treatment and extent of organ damage at the time of diagnosis. For this reason, routine dog vaccinations are important to the health of dogs.

Other animals can also become infected with leptospirosis, as can humans. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates approximately one-third of human cases are caused by dogs, while the remaining cases are caused by other animals, specifically rats. While vaccination against leptospirosis will reduce the severity of the disease should a dog contract it, it does not prevent the dog from becoming a carrier.

For puppies and dogs who receive the complete distemper vaccine, some reactions to vaccination are common and include soreness of the injection site, swelling of the injection site, and temporary loss of appetite or ill feeling. Difficulty breathing, hives or facial swelling should be reported to a veterinarian immediately. Although there has been some concern about increased vaccine reactions in some breeds of dogs, newer vaccines seem to have reduced these side effects. Veterinary experts generally recommend this vaccine.

For information on this and other bacteria-related diseases that affect dogs, talk to your veterinarian.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is canine leptospirosis and how do dogs contract it?

Canine leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by the Leptospira bacteria. Dogs can contract it through direct contact with infected urine, contaminated water, soil, or through the bite of an infected animal. The bacteria thrive in warm, moist environments, making standing water a common source of infection.

What are the symptoms of leptospirosis in dogs?

Symptoms of leptospirosis in dogs can vary but often include fever, muscle tenderness, lethargy, increased thirst and urination, jaundice, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney or liver failure. Early detection and treatment are crucial for the best prognosis.

Can leptospirosis in dogs be treated, and how?

Yes, leptospirosis in dogs can be treated, primarily with antibiotics such as penicillin or doxycycline. Supportive care is also important, which may include fluids to combat dehydration and medications to control vomiting and diarrhea. In severe cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Is there a vaccine for canine leptospirosis?

There is a vaccine for canine leptospirosis, which is considered a "lifestyle" vaccine, meaning it is recommended for dogs at risk of exposure to the bacteria. The vaccine protects against the most common serovars of Leptospira but is not 100% effective and does not cover all strains. Regular booster shots are necessary for continued protection.

Can humans catch leptospirosis from their dogs?

Humans can catch leptospirosis from their dogs, although it is more commonly contracted directly from the environment. The disease is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans, typically through contact with the urine of infected animals or contaminated water sources.

How can I prevent my dog from getting leptospirosis?

To prevent your dog from getting leptospirosis, avoid allowing them to drink or swim in standing water or areas known to be contaminated. Vaccination is also key for at-risk dogs. Additionally, control rodent populations, as they can carry and spread the bacteria, and practice good hygiene, such as washing hands after handling pets.

Discussion Comments

anon40934

Isn't Leptospirosis contracted mostly from rats and the vaccine is not generally given unless requested.

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    • Puppies should be vaccinated for leptospirosis.
      Puppies should be vaccinated for leptospirosis.
    • Rats can be infected by -- and spread -- the Leptospira bacteria.
      By: Ilia Shcherbakov
      Rats can be infected by -- and spread -- the Leptospira bacteria.