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What is a Fox Snake?

Sara Schmidt
Sara Schmidt
Sara Schmidt
Sara Schmidt

Two species of North American snakes are commonly known as fox snakes. The spotted snake is named as such due to the musky scent, similar to that of a fox, which it emits when in danger. Both the eastern fox snake and western fox snake are found throughout select northern and Midwestern areas of the United States.

Fox snakes have round eyes and tan bodies that feature 30 to 40 dark, red-brown patches of coloration. Western varieties typically sport more splotches than their eastern cousins. The snakes' bodies measure from 3 to 6 feet (.9 to 1.8 meters) in length. The musky scent that the snake emits when in danger is released from its anal glands.

Both kinds of fox snake live in Michigan.
Both kinds of fox snake live in Michigan.

The yellow-bellied, rust-headed creatures prefer to eat rodents, and can consume prey larger than five times the diameter of its own head. Birds are also in the snakes' diet, as well as frogs. Some fox snakes also eat eggs when they are available. Though prey can be swallowed whole, it is normally eaten through constriction.

Due to its appearance, this ratsnake is often mistaken for the poisonous Massassauga rattlesnake, and killed on sight. Fox snakes, however, are not poisonous creatures. Generally the snakes are considered gentle reptiles, and do not pose a threat to humans. The snakes do take advantage of their similar appearance, posing as rattlesnakes by shaking their tails, often to deter possible predators. Some animals that eat the fox snake include large mammals, hawks, and other snakes.

Western fox snakes are typically located in farmlands.
Western fox snakes are typically located in farmlands.

Both types of snakes are listed as threatened or endangered under the Species at Risk Act. Eastern and Western varieties of the fox snake do not overlap in territory. While the former lives only in parts of Michigan and Ohio, the latter resides across Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, western Michigan, and Iowa.

Though they can climb trees and swim well, fox snakes spend most of their lives on the ground. Eastern varieties prefer wet climates near the Great Lakes, while the western snakes are typically located in farmlands and forests. The fox snake typically makes its den inside logs, tree stumps, or leaf piles. Winter months are spent hibernating in mammal burrows, wells, or other underground areas.

Reproduction for the fox snake takes place during the spring months. Months after fertilization, female snakes lay 10 to 20 eggs. Young snakes, which typically hatch between August and October, can be 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30.5 centimeters) long at birth.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Fox Snake and where can it be found?

A Fox Snake is a non-venomous, medium to large-sized snake native to North America. It's commonly found in regions surrounding the Great Lakes, thriving in areas like Michigan, Ohio, Missouri, and Ontario. These snakes prefer habitats such as forests, grasslands, and farmlands where they can hunt for their prey, primarily rodents.

Why is it called a Fox Snake?

The Fox Snake is named for the musky, fox-like odor it releases when threatened. This defense mechanism is a way to deter predators. The name also helps distinguish it from other snake species, although it's sometimes confused with the venomous copperhead due to its similar coloring and pattern.

What does a Fox Snake eat?

Fox Snakes are carnivorous and primarily feed on small mammals like mice, voles, and rabbits. They are constrictors, meaning they wrap their bodies around their prey to suffocate them before consumption. Their diet plays a crucial role in controlling rodent populations, making them beneficial to ecosystems and agriculture.

How can you identify a Fox Snake?

Identifying a Fox Snake involves looking for key characteristics such as a yellowish or light brown body with dark brown to black blotches down the back and sides. They have a reddish head and can grow up to 3-5 feet in length. Juveniles may have a more grayish color which transitions as they mature.

Are Fox Snakes dangerous to humans?

Fox Snakes are not dangerous to humans as they are non-venomous and typically avoid confrontation. If cornered, they may exhibit defensive behaviors like vibrating their tails or releasing a foul odor, but they rarely bite. They are often beneficial to have around due to their role in controlling pest populations.

What is the conservation status of the Fox Snake?

The conservation status of Fox Snakes varies by region, but they are generally not considered endangered. However, habitat destruction and human persecution can threaten local populations. Efforts to preserve their natural habitats are essential for their continued survival. In some areas, they are protected under local conservation laws to prevent decline.

Sara Schmidt
Sara Schmidt

A graduate of Southeast Missouri State University, Sara has a Master’s Degree in English, which she puts to use writing for AllThingsNature and several magazines, websites, and nonprofit organizations. She has published her own novella, and has other literary projects currently in progress. Sara’s varied interests have also led her to teach children in Spain, tutor college students, run CPR and first aid classes, and organize student retreats.

Learn more...
Sara Schmidt
Sara Schmidt

A graduate of Southeast Missouri State University, Sara has a Master’s Degree in English, which she puts to use writing for AllThingsNature and several magazines, websites, and nonprofit organizations. She has published her own novella, and has other literary projects currently in progress. Sara’s varied interests have also led her to teach children in Spain, tutor college students, run CPR and first aid classes, and organize student retreats.

Learn more...

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    • Both kinds of fox snake live in Michigan.
      By: Floki Fotos
      Both kinds of fox snake live in Michigan.
    • Western fox snakes are typically located in farmlands.
      By: njr_2011
      Western fox snakes are typically located in farmlands.