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What Causes Elephantiasis?

O. Wallace
O. Wallace

Elephantiasis is a syndrome most often caused by an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels, which results in extreme swelling of the skin and tissues, typically in the lower trunk and body. It primarily affects the legs and genitals, resulting in baggy, thickened and ulcerated skin, along with fever and chills. This condition can be very painful and uncomfortable, and it reduces the sufferer’s ability to lead a normal life. A serious complication can be obstructed blood vessels, which limit blood supply and cause the skin to become infected and gangrenous.

There are two main forms of elephantiasis, and it has several related disorders:

Elephantiasis is a condition that is manifested as excessive enlargement of specific areas of the body, primarily the limbs, due to lymphatic system obstruction which results in an accumulation of lymphatic fluid.
Elephantiasis is a condition that is manifested as excessive enlargement of specific areas of the body, primarily the limbs, due to lymphatic system obstruction which results in an accumulation of lymphatic fluid.

Lymphatic filariasis is the most common form, and it is caused by a parasitic disease resulting from a bite from an infected mosquito. This form is caused most commonly by the Wuchereria bancrofti parasite, but also can be caused by Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. These parasites are all nematodes, or roundworms, that inhabit the lymphatic vessels, resulting in their inability to drain the affected extremities.

Fever and chills may be among the symptoms of elephantiasis.
Fever and chills may be among the symptoms of elephantiasis.

It is not definitely known if the parasite itself is the sole reason of the swelling, or if the fact that the immune system is working to fight the parasitic infection contributes to it. Lymphatic filariasis affects people primarily in the tropics and is concentrated in Africa. It is estimated that 120 million people spread over 80 countries are affected by this form of elephantiasis, and approximately one-third of these suffer serious cases of the disorder.

Mosquitos may be the cause of elephantiasis.
Mosquitos may be the cause of elephantiasis.

Nonfilarial elephantiasis is non-parasitic. This type is more common to Africa’s central mountains, and it is caused by repeated contact with volcanic ash in the area. The primarily barefooted population absorbs chemicals from the soil into their feet, and these chemicals travel to the lymphatic vessels and irritate and block them.

Hereditary lymphedema is a related genetic disorder that, either by an underdevelopment of the lymph vessels or other factors, causes an accumulation of fluid in the affected extremities.

Doxycycline may be used to treat elephantiasis.
Doxycycline may be used to treat elephantiasis.

Treatment for elephantiasis depends on the type of the disorder the person is afflicted with. Lymphatic filariasis is treated with antiparasitic medication, although recent studies of use of the antibiotic doxycycline show promise. Medicines must be taken early after the primary infection, but they can have toxic side effects. The problem with effective treatment is that it is difficult to diagnose this condition early enough.

Signs of a mosquito bite may include a raised rash or a series of flesh-colored bumps.
Signs of a mosquito bite may include a raised rash or a series of flesh-colored bumps.

Medical professionals have found that careful, daily cleaning of the affected areas helps prevent secondary skin infections that may be associated with elephantiasis. Surgical treatments are usually only effective when the swelling affects the scrotum, but not on limbs. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine available at this time.

Discussion Comments

anon112522

lymphoedema is what I was told I have after an op on my legs. I am staying ahead of it by exercising and keeping the muscles in my leg flexing to move the lymph. Now have my swelling down to less than an inch over a 12 hour day. However flying is a hazard and the compression wear is never to be forgotten.

anon54212

Chronic lymphedema, either congenital or secondary, may lead to Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Not just in Africa or Asia, in Europe we too have elephantiasis.

All lymphedemas what so ever need exactly the same medical compression treatment. They can be dramatically reduced, the contrary only complicates a life long sickness.

anon40212

so i was a festival and there was this guy that had elephantiasis, his leg was swollen! but he said that he had a *lot* to drink. is it good to drink if you have elephantiasis?

anon32673

Who is more likely to contract the disease, males or females?

6pack

In elementary school, our playground director had elephantiasis. Her legs were rather swollen; there was no real definition of her ankles. As you can imagine she was on her feet for much of her job. I would have thought that the syndrome would cause it to be painful to be on your feet for much of the day, no?

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    • Elephantiasis is a condition that is manifested as excessive enlargement of specific areas of the body, primarily the limbs, due to lymphatic system obstruction which results in an accumulation of lymphatic fluid.
      By: Yasser
      Elephantiasis is a condition that is manifested as excessive enlargement of specific areas of the body, primarily the limbs, due to lymphatic system obstruction which results in an accumulation of lymphatic fluid.
    • Fever and chills may be among the symptoms of elephantiasis.
      By: JackF
      Fever and chills may be among the symptoms of elephantiasis.
    • Mosquitos may be the cause of elephantiasis.
      By: Dmitry Knorre
      Mosquitos may be the cause of elephantiasis.
    • Doxycycline may be used to treat elephantiasis.
      By: Nik_Merkulov
      Doxycycline may be used to treat elephantiasis.
    • Signs of a mosquito bite may include a raised rash or a series of flesh-colored bumps.
      By: Jürgen Fälchle
      Signs of a mosquito bite may include a raised rash or a series of flesh-colored bumps.