Do Animals Ever Wage War on Members of Their Own Species?

Novelist Margaret Atwood said that "war is what happens when language fails," but sometimes, talking things over isn't an option. Such was the case for the combatants in a little-known war that took place in the early 1970s in Tanzania. The reason you probably haven't heard of it is because it was waged by chimpanzees. The conflict began in Gombe Stream National Park in 1971, when a group of chimpanzees that had always lived together suddenly split into two factions. According to researcher Joseph Feldblum of Duke University, the likely cause of the rift was the death of a senior male called Leakey. He was seen as a pacifying link between the chimps in the northern part of the park and those in the south. With his death, there was no clear leader, and infighting quickly escalated into bloodshed and separation. For the next four years, the two sides battled for control, at times displaying the kind of violence rarely seen outside of human warfare. Researchers who studied the Gombe Chimpanzee War said it occurred in ways very similar to human conflict, and could provide insight into ways to avoid such aggression in the future.

A close look at chimpanzees:

• Humans and chimpanzees are thought share nearly 99% of their DNA.
• A 2018 study found that chimpanzee resting areas are cleaner than human beds, containing less skin and bacteria.
• The median life expectancy for chimps in captivity is 38.7 years for females and 31.7 years for males.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do animals engage in warfare similar to humans?

While animals do not conduct warfare in the complex, organized way humans do, they can engage in aggressive, collective conflicts. For example, chimpanzees have been observed participating in coordinated attacks against rival groups, which some researchers liken to a form of 'warfare' within their own species.

What are some examples of animals that fight with members of their own species?

Chimpanzees are a prime example, as they can engage in lethal skirmishes over territory or resources. Ant colonies also often clash in large battles over territory. Lions, too, will fight to defend their pride's territory, often leading to serious injury or death.

Why do animals fight with members of their own species?

Animals typically engage in intraspecific conflicts for reasons such as competition for resources, territory, mating opportunities, or social hierarchy. These conflicts can be crucial for survival and reproductive success, driving natural selection and evolutionary processes.

How do animals determine when and how to fight?

Animals rely on a variety of cues and signals to determine when to engage in conflict, including resource availability, territorial boundaries, mating seasons, and individual health. Some species have ritualized displays to avoid actual fighting, while others may escalate to physical violence if necessary.

Are there long-term consequences for animals that engage in these conflicts?

Yes, there can be significant consequences. Animals that frequently engage in conflict may suffer from injuries, reduced lifespan, or diminished reproductive success. However, winning such conflicts can also lead to greater access to resources and mating opportunities, potentially benefiting the victor's genetic lineage.

Do any animal species have mechanisms to avoid warfare or conflict?

Many animal species have evolved complex social behaviors and communication methods to avoid outright conflict. For instance, wolves use body language and vocalizations to establish hierarchy and reduce the need for fighting. Similarly, many bird species use song to establish territory rather than engaging in physical altercations.