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What is Yeast?

Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

Yeast is a single-celled fungi somewhat related to mushrooms. The word comes from the Old English "gist," meaning bubble or foam. There are several hundred species identified by science, but one type, Saccharomyces cerivisiae, has been used in baking and brewing for thousands of years.

In Egypt, archaeologists have discovered evidence of breweries and bakeries that used yeast up to 4,000 years ago. Yet until the 19th century, no one was quite sure how the organism worked or what it was. In medieval England, the resulting foam on beer was even believed to have miracle properties, and called godisgoode, which means "God is good."

Yeast is essential for making many types of bread.
Yeast is essential for making many types of bread.

In 1857, Louis Pasteur published a paper proving that yeast was a living organism, and that the foaming and rising it caused was actually a fermentation process. The organisms consume oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, just like humans. When combined with gluten (the protein created when wheat is mixed with water) the fungi expels carbon dioxide, causing bubbles in the dough and giving bread its texture. As the organisms breathe and exhale, sugar is digested. The waste from this process causes the yeasty flavor of bread.

Brewer's yeast.
Brewer's yeast.

If the organisms receive enough food and air, and are at a comfortable temperature, they reproduce very quickly. In bread, this causes the dough to rise, as single cells are replaced by huge clusters. When bread dough is punched and worked after the first rise, it distributes the organisms evenly, so they continue to ferment.

When beer ferments, the digested sugar becomes alcohol. Brewer’s yeast may be one of several species, with cerivisiae the most common, that settle on the top or bottom during brewing, greatly affecting the flavor. "Top-Fermenting" brews tend to be fruity and ferment best at high temperatures while "bottom-fermenting" organisms make dark beer or lager and ferment in a cooler climate.

A bowl of active dry yeast.
A bowl of active dry yeast.

Until World War II, yeast was used in fresh cakes, giving the cakes a 10 day lifespan before the yeast would go bad. While, professional bakers still may use the fresh form, many cakes are made with active dry yeast, which has a much longer shelf life, and was welcomed by most home bakers. In this mixture, the organisms were carefully dried and would revive in warm water, thereby lasting longer. However, if the water was not between 105-115 degrees F (about 40-46 C), thermal shock would kill off the fungus. More recently, instant yeast has become popular. This variety does not need re-hydration and can be added directly to dough.

Autolyzed yeast.
Autolyzed yeast.

Today nutritional yeast, which isn’t a live form of the fungi, can be used as a dietary supplement. Sold in bulk or in packages of small flakes, it is high in protein and B vitamins, and has a strong nutty or cheese flavor. Products for vegans and for people with lactose intolerance often use nutritional yeast as a substitute for Parmesan cheese, and even some movie theaters have begun offering it as a healthy alternative topping for popcorn.

Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

With a B.A. in theater from UCLA and a graduate degree in screenwriting from the American Film Institute, Jessica is passionate about drama and film. She has many other interests, and enjoys learning and writing about a wide range of topics in her role as a DelightedCooking writer.

Learn more...
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

With a B.A. in theater from UCLA and a graduate degree in screenwriting from the American Film Institute, Jessica is passionate about drama and film. She has many other interests, and enjoys learning and writing about a wide range of topics in her role as a DelightedCooking writer.

Learn more...

Discussion Comments

jeancastle00

One somewhat creepy fact about yeast is that it is all around us. There are natural yeasts that live in and around our homes, living spaces, workplaces and just about everywhere on the planet. These natural yeasts can have a very interesting effect on people, our health and even our food.

Sourdough bread is a great example of this and is one theory about how natural yeasts can effect food. The bread that is made in coastal areas seems to have a better flavor and some blame this on the heavy humid airs and yeasts of the coastal regions.

Perhaps that is why San Francisco is famous for their sourdough bread or perhaps it is simply the bakers.

Ubiquitous

The most critical part to using yeast for either baking or brewing is the temperature at which the ingredients are kept while the process is happening.

Yeast is very sensitive to cold and heat. There are of course different types of yeast that have varying tolerances for this problem and so finding the right strain of yeast for your particular application is vital to achieving the full potential of this amazing organism.

CoffeeJim

I just think it is amazing how yeast is capable of producing both carbon dioxide and alcohol. The fascinating biochemical process is akin to photosynthesis in plants and how amazing it is that a little engine can produce two substances such as that.

The gross part of course is that yeast will die off in the fermentation process because it is literally either suffocating in it's own breath or drowning in it's own urine.

minombre

When baking, I have a quick way to make the yeast rise. I warm a little milk in microwave to make it tepid. It should feel warm, not hot to the touch. I add a little sugar to the milk, and then yeast, dissolving it in the sweet warm milk.

The mixture goes back into the microwave, just to keep it warm. Do not turn on the microwave, it will kill the yeast. In five to 10 minutes the yeast is ready to be used.

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    • Yeast is essential for making many types of bread.
      Yeast is essential for making many types of bread.
    • Brewer's yeast.
      By: Stephanie Frey
      Brewer's yeast.
    • A bowl of active dry yeast.
      By: South12th
      A bowl of active dry yeast.
    • Autolyzed yeast.
      By: Robinson
      Autolyzed yeast.
    • Yeast is often used to make beer inside a fermenter.
      By: Steve Lovegrove
      Yeast is often used to make beer inside a fermenter.
    • The foam at the top of a beer is due to yeast.
      By: 歌うカメラマン
      The foam at the top of a beer is due to yeast.