Short-term memory and working memory both temporarily store information until retention in long-term memory. When a person works on a task or solves a problem, information enters short-term memory before it moves into working memory. An example of the distinction might involve reading a recipe, where the steps are held in short-term memory. Working memory retains the steps for a limited period of time, which prevents a cook from adding sugar twice.

Both short-term memory and working memory store limited amounts of new information for a short period of time. These functions of the brain continuously remove unneeded data to make room for new information. This process happens automatically and sometimes on the unconscious level.

Working memory lumps information together to make it easier to recall a few seconds later and retrieve from long-term storage. Most experts believe seven bits of information can be retained in both short-term memory and working memory. This explains why telephone numbers typically contain seven numerals. Acronyms also reduce the burden of trying to recall long names or titles by bundling information into manageable chunks.

Many studies published comparing short-term memory and working memory resulted in various interpretations of differences and similarities. Some researchers believe working memory uses concentration and focused attention to allow storage of data in short-term memory. They say working memory is less vulnerable to distractions that might occur while learning something new. Part of the theory involves the process of controlling attention via working memory.

Other scientists found very little difference between short-term memory and working memory, and believe they are both part of the same mental processes. Working memory might operate alongside short-term memory, such as allowing a person to remember the first words in a sentence while reading the rest of it. Both forms of memory represent important tools in language development and reading. People with learning disabilities might have deficiencies in working memory or short-term memory.

Once information is processed and manipulated in short-term and working memory, called primary memory, it goes into secondary memory, where it is stored. Long-term memory might deteriorate over time, but this theory also sparks debate among scientists. Information going in and out of short-term memory and working memory can later be retrieved when needed. Some people use tools, such as writing down a phone number, to help imprint it in long-term memory.