The National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, was passed in 1920 along with the 18th Amendment. From 1920 to 1932, any beverage with an alcohol content higher than 0.5% was prohibited. In 1933, the 21st Amendment, along with the Blaine Act, repealed the 18th Amendment, giving states the power to monitor the alcohol entering their borders and legalizing beverages with alcohol content over 3.2%.

Around the end of the Civil War, the temperance movement began gaining momentum. Contemporary literature on alcohol exaggerated its effects. Children were told stories of how a drunkard exploded with the lighting of a match. In schools, a brain would be placed in a jar with alcohol so that students could watch the brain turn into a gray mass and thereby comprehend the negative effects of alcohol. From pulpits, pastors preached about illnesses that could result from consuming alcohol, including jaundice and tremors. Women’s groups were particularly active in promoting prohibition, because they felt that alcohol ruined the domestic sphere.

Through a publication known as the Temperance Education Quarterly, temperance writers taught people about the effects of alcohol, supposedly based on science. They advocated the theory that internal combustion could result from drinking alcohol. Also, temperance writers described the production of alcohol and its effects on the human body in such a way as to make the substance seem disgusting and to inspire fear about the consequences of consumption.

After the National Prohibition Act was passed, an illegal network of bootleggers began to take hold. Al Capone was one of the people to profit most from this period, making millions of US dollars (USD) from transporting liquor while the average industrial worker made about 1,000 USD a year. Those who could not afford unadulterated liquor had to resort to denatured alcohol, which had side effects including Jake’s Foot, a condition that causes paralysis of the hands and feet. Deaths were numerous. Despite these illnesses and deaths, prohibitionists, especially the Anti-Salon League, discouraged the government from preventing the trade of such a dangerous substance. On moral grounds, they believed that people who drank deserved such consequences.

Corruption was also rampant among public officials, since the illegal alcohol trade was extremely lucrative. Soon, due to the ineffectiveness of prohibition, many began to advocate the repeal of the National Prohibition Act, including some of its strongest supporters, such as John D. Rockefeller. In a letter to the New York Times, Rockefeller wrote that, while he had hoped prohibition would improve society’s morals, it seemed to have worsened them. Many others shared Rockefeller’s sentiment. The negative effects of prohibition far outweighed its benefits. In a vote of 74% to 26%, the country voted for the 21st amendment.

Even after the repeal of the National Prohibition Act, the prohibitionist movement continued, gaining momentum at the onset of World War II. Advocates wanted to remove alcohol from army bases; however, it was concluded that allowing drinking on the bases was conducive to the safety of the drinkers. The increasingly prevalent attitude toward alcohol was that consumption must to be legal in order to be controlled. Today, organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and Students Against Drunk Driving (SADD) serve to remind the public of the moral consequences that can result from drinking alcohol.