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What Is the Difference between a Copperhead and a Rattlesnake?

Dale Marshall
Dale Marshall

In a side-by-side comparison, the most obvious difference between a copperhead and a rattlesnake is the rattle at the tip of the rattlesnake’s tail. Rattlesnakes hold their tails above the ground when moving, perhaps to avoid injury to the rattles, but copperheads’ tails trail along the ground. There are other significant differences between these two pit vipers, found only in the New World. For example, the copperhead is a single species, of which five subspecies are recognized; there are 32 species of rattlesnake, though, many of which have additional subspecies.

In addition to the tail, there are other physical differences between a copperhead and a rattlesnake, making it unlikely that one might be mistaken for the other. The copperhead’s coloration ranges from a pale tan to pinkish-brown with a number of darker crossbands. Of the rattlesnake species found in the same geographical range as the copperhead, some — such as the diamondback rattler — have similar markings but much different coloration, tending toward gray and silverish hues. Copperheads grow to an average of 20-37 inches (50-95 cm); the diamondback rattler can grow to almost 6 feet (1.83 m) in length, but many other species, such as the pygmy rattlers, usually don’t exceed 18 inches (45.72 cm).

A Northern Pacific rattlesnake.
A Northern Pacific rattlesnake.

Another major difference between a copperhead and a rattlesnake is their response to perceived threats. Both are considered timid and will avoid contact with humans and other large mammals. When escape isn’t possible, rattlesnakes tend to coil themselves and vibrate their rattles, universally interpreted as a warning. Copperheads, lacking rattles with which to warn off intruders, will often remain motionless. They’re far more likely than rattlesnakes to strike without provocation, though, giving them a reputation for aggressiveness.

Copperheads prey on large insects, such as cicadas, while rattlesnakes do not.
Copperheads prey on large insects, such as cicadas, while rattlesnakes do not.

Despite their reputation for aggressiveness, copperheads are also found to be more likely than rattlesnakes to deliver a defensive bite, sometimes called a dry bite, as a warning. All pit vipers are venomous, delivering their poison when they bite by injecting it through hypodermic-like fangs. There are two different kinds of bites, though. Hunting bites deliver large quantities of venom, designed to kill the prey; defensive bites, though, deliver little or no venom, and are intended to drive away the victim.

Copperheads prey on insects and larvae such as caterpillars.
Copperheads prey on insects and larvae such as caterpillars.

The copperhead’s venom is less powerful than a rattlesnake’s, although neither is considered strong enough to kill a healthy adult human, even in the case of a hunting bite. The venoms of both snakes are hemotoxic, attacking the victim’s blood and circulatory systems, and causing serious tissue damage. Some rattlesnakes’ venoms also contain a neurotoxin that attacks the nervous system. Of the thousands of copperhead and rattlesnake bites received annually in the US, less than a dozen or so are fatal. Failure to treat the bite of either snake, though, will lead to significant scarring and tissue damage.

The Western Diamondback rattlesnake is considered to be one of the most dangerous snakes in North America.
The Western Diamondback rattlesnake is considered to be one of the most dangerous snakes in North America.

Rattlesnakes and copperheads are both ambush predators. The primary prey for both is small mammals like mice and chipmunks, although both will also strike prey of opportunity like small birds, amphibians and other snakes. Copperheads, though, will also prey on large insects like cicadas and caterpillars, and will actively pursue them.

The geographic range within which rattlesnakes are found is much larger than that of the copperheads. Copperheads are found only in northern Mexico and in the US within an area generally bounded on the west by Oklahoma and on the north by Massachusetts. Rattlesnakes are found throughout North America and in South America as far south as Argentina.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the visual differences between a copperhead and a rattlesnake?

While painful, neither a copperhead nor a rattlesnake has venom that is considered strong enough to kill an adult human.
While painful, neither a copperhead nor a rattlesnake has venom that is considered strong enough to kill an adult human.

Copperheads have a distinctive hourglass pattern along their bodies, with colors ranging from tan to pinkish-tan, resembling fallen leaves. Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, often display a series of darker bands or diamond-shaped patterns on a lighter background. The most notable feature of rattlesnakes is their namesake rattle at the end of their tails, which they use as a warning signal.

Can you distinguish a copperhead from a rattlesnake by their behavior?

It is important not to restrict blood flow to a rattlesnake bite.
It is important not to restrict blood flow to a rattlesnake bite.

Yes, behavior can be a distinguishing factor. Rattlesnakes are known for their defensive behavior, shaking their rattles when threatened. Copperheads are less conspicuous and rely more on their camouflage to avoid detection. When startled, a copperhead may freeze in place, whereas a rattlesnake is more likely to prepare to strike or flee if necessary.

What habitats do copperheads and rattlesnakes prefer?

Copperheads are often found in deciduous forests and mixed woodlands, frequently near rocky areas and water sources. They blend well with fallen leaves and debris. Rattlesnakes inhabit a wider range of habitats, from deserts and prairies to forests and mountains. Some species, like the Eastern Diamondback, prefer dry, sandy areas, while others, such as the Timber Rattlesnake, may be found in forests and rugged terrain.

Are there differences in the venom of copperheads and rattlesnakes?

Yes, there are differences in their venom. Copperhead venom is typically less potent than that of rattlesnakes and is rarely fatal to humans. Rattlesnake venom, however, contains a more complex mix of toxins that can cause significant tissue damage and can be life-threatening without prompt medical treatment. Both snakes' bites require immediate medical attention.

How does the size of copperheads compare to that of rattlesnakes?

Copperheads are generally smaller than rattlesnakes. An adult copperhead averages between 2 to 3 feet in length, while rattlesnakes can vary greatly, with some species like the Eastern Diamondback reaching lengths of up to 8 feet. The size of a rattlesnake can be an intimidating factor, along with their potent venom.

What should I do if I encounter a copperhead or a rattlesnake in the wild?

If you encounter either snake in the wild, it's crucial to remain calm and avoid sudden movements. Slowly back away from the snake, giving it plenty of space to retreat. Never attempt to handle or provoke the snake. If bitten, seek medical attention immediately, as both copperhead and rattlesnake venoms can cause serious health complications.

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    • A Northern Pacific rattlesnake.
      By: fivespots
      A Northern Pacific rattlesnake.
    • Copperheads prey on large insects, such as cicadas, while rattlesnakes do not.
      By: michael Baran
      Copperheads prey on large insects, such as cicadas, while rattlesnakes do not.
    • Copperheads prey on insects and larvae such as caterpillars.
      By: epantha
      Copperheads prey on insects and larvae such as caterpillars.
    • The Western Diamondback rattlesnake is considered to be one of the most dangerous snakes in North America.
      The Western Diamondback rattlesnake is considered to be one of the most dangerous snakes in North America.
    • While painful, neither a copperhead nor a rattlesnake has venom that is considered strong enough to kill an adult human.
      By: ronstik
      While painful, neither a copperhead nor a rattlesnake has venom that is considered strong enough to kill an adult human.
    • It is important not to restrict blood flow to a rattlesnake bite.
      By: Remus Moise
      It is important not to restrict blood flow to a rattlesnake bite.