What is the Big Bang Theory?

world

The Big Bang theory is science's best explanation of how the universe was created. The theory asserts that our entire universe was created when a tiny (billions of times smaller than a proton), super-dense, super-hot mass exploded and began expanding very rapidly, eventually cooling and forming into the stars and galaxies with which we are familiar. This event is said to have happened approximately 15 billion years ago. Rather than expanding outward into some preexisting vacuum, the event of the Big Bang was space itself expanding - perhaps at speeds greater than light. (While Einstein's theory of relativity forbids anything within space from travelling faster than light, it sets no limitations on how fast the fabric of space itself may expand.)

The Big Bang theory was originally developed in the late 1920s by Georges-Henri Lemaître, a Belgian Catholic priest and astronomer, an early advocate of solutions to the general relativity field equations which predicted our universe was expanding. (For cosmological theories to be taken seriously, they must pose possible solutions to Einstein's general relativity field equations.) Though the expanding-universe solution to the field equations was derived by the Russian cosmologist Alexander Friedman in 1922, Lemaître was the first to realize that a continuously expanding universe implies that at some point in the past the universe must have been much denser and smaller, even atom-sized.

The Big Bang theory is supported primarily by two major lines of evidence - first, the fact that all galaxies are rapidly moving away from each other (confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929), and secondly, the presence of the cosmic microwave background radiation, or the "echo" of the Big Bang. The cosmic microwave background radiation was not discovered until 1965, and up to this point, scientists were divided between the Big Bang theory and its rival, Fred Hoyle's steady state model, which asserted that the universe was expanding, but staying basically the same because new matter was continuously being created.

Since the late 1960s, the Big Bang theory has been the dominant explanation for the birth of our universe. Fred Hoyle's steady state model has been discarded. Most of cosmology since that time has consisted of modifications and extensions of Big Bang theory. Because physicists have not yet formulated a consistent theory that explains how gravity operates on extremely small scales (like those present at the instant of the Big Bang), cosmologists are unable to formulate theories as to what happened before about 10^-43 seconds after the Big Bang. Our universe may have originated as a pointlike entity with nearly-infinite density, or perhaps something else. Our mathematics, instruments, and scientific methodologies may need to be substantially improved before any further progress is made.

Related wiseGEEK articles

Category

Other Links

wiseGEEK features

Subscribe to wiseGEEK


44
Is it possible for those who believe in God and creation and those who believe in the science of evolution to both be right? I believe so. Science and evolution are not the devil, just as God and creation are not the whole picture. Why do people want to demonize those with a differing opinion, belief or point of view? An open mind works much better than a closed one. Evolution is a fact. The existence of good and evil is a fact.

Just as one human being has a life force energy so humankind has a combined life energy. An open mind can tap into this. Some people would call this energy God. No matter what you call it, it is a fact. Does good conquer evil? Yes, most of the time. Life as "we know it" and the fact that we exist today is proof. Evolution over a long period of time is interpreted as creation.

You are the product of your mother and father, yet you are unique. They are the product of their parents, yet different, and so on. Go back a million generations. Do you think you have evolved any? The "creation of man" seems more godlike than the "slow evolution of man" from what we might consider to be an animal by today's standard. Science is helping humankind get over itself. How can that be bad?

- anon52754
43
Whoever said evolution is more realistic? Scientists have absolutely no proof of evolution, in fossils or life today. They say it started with a single-celled organism, but they can't seem to tell us how this organism came to be. Nor can they tell us how life jumped from a single cell to a multimillion- celled creature! Did you ever look at the Darwinian tree? Well, oddly enough, the paths of apes and humans never cross! Don't believe me? Well, too bad, for those of you who trust scientists who actually never check their evidence with simple tests! (Yes it's true, research "Nebraska Man" if you don't believe me.)
- anon52012
42
Anon51616: Just so you know: nowhere in the Bible is there a date for creation. Period. The Bible says nothing about the exact date the earth was created. It does include historical information about other events, but not creation. There is no time reference at all. A small group of people believe the earth is about 10,000 years old, but there is absolutely nothing in Genesis, or anywhere else in the Bible, that gives any dates for creation.

The Bible also never says the earth is flat. In fact, the prophet Isaiah refers to the earth as a circle in the English translations. The Hebrew word (the language of the Old Testament) actually means "sphere" or "globe."

Get a good translation of the Bible and read it for yourself. Even if you don't believe in God, at least you'll then know what's really in the Bible and what isn't.

- amypollick
41
You God believers can´t ask "how was the big bang formed" or something in that way because it is the same question as who created God. and the Bible says that the earth was flat,

that the earth was made about six or eight thousand years ago. guess again. I want God to be true but it's not. so too bad for me

- anon51616
40
According to the Big Bang advocates the entire universe was condensed to a point as large as a proton and was located in a void. There is no such thing as a void. The entire concept of a void is well, void. It cannot exist with a proton size particle containing the universe because of the existence of the particle itself. It would no longer qualify as a void. The entire Big Bang is fraught with insurmountable problems and will be completely discredited sooner than later. Just the idea that light would know which way to travel, how fast and what particles it is made up of within milliseconds of the bang is ridiculous. Big Bang is religion, not science.
- anon51250
39
so is it really through? So what about God? it said in Genisis God created heaven and the earth.
- anon48977
38
Is it even possible to actually fully understand the big bang theory? --Nikki
- anon45101
37
pearls of wisdom. I would like to see physicists prove that protons do not orbit the nuclear core!
- anon44926
36
Physicists are wasting time and money looking for graviton particles and gravity waves -- they just don't exist. If they understood gravity they would know this. Here's another question for wisegeeks: What would the 'real' grand unified theory of physics be worth?
- anon43093
35
Do physicists yet realize that gravity repels at the subatomic level, that black holes are an effect caused by massive spiral galaxies

and that positive and negative charges are a myth? An examination of the history of physics explains why they haven't been able to put it together. tkhm

- anon41008
34
If the images that resulted in the 'big bang' theory are based on 'light' data that is several billions of years old and 'modern science' is maybe 100 years old, that's kind of like describing traffic patterns in all of North America by catching a small chunk of concrete falling from an overpass. Answer this for me! What if the universe has been contracting for one billion years? How would you know?

The 'big bang' theory is just that: an item for stimulating discussion or entertainment -- nothing more.

- anon40305
33
You know what the proton is, right? Well, all sub-protonic matter 'is' dark matter. In our atomic world, which totally exists because of the most famous product of fusion -- the neutron -- we have life as we know it. I wouldn't want to scare people, but given the possible combinations of dark matter particles, who can say for sure that 'dark life' doesn't exist? Could this be considered a 'negative universe' in our universe?...kind of a 'yin-yang' thing. Just because you can't see something or don't believe in that something, does not mean it doesn't exist. If they occupy 90 percent of space, maybe 'we' are just the experiment or entertainment. Do you ever feel you are being watched or something doesn't feel quite right?
- anon40276
32
If the big bang theory is true and our space system is expanding, then it seems logical that our galaxy, the Milky Way, should also be expanding? If it is expanding, then the distance between our planets must also be expanding. This isn’t happening, at least in my life time. The Big Bang theory is all wet.
- JerryK
31
Is there any correlation between man using only 10 percent of his brain and man being able to see only 10% of the matter in the universe? Oh, by the way -- if there was a big bang, it certainly didn't happen the way most physicists suggest. Everything that 'was' before, still 'is.' It is just in a different format, and the process is still on-going, the 'reformatting' that is. Here's a question for 'wise-geeks': What do you think matter is really made of?
- anon40124
30
It is possible to have the Steady State & Big Bang theories both legit from a certain perspective.It is also possible to have a simple explanation of gravity, dark matter, black holes, and a unified theory, .all of which could be understood by grade school students. The big mystery is why our so-called physicists haven't put it together yet? Oh,and theory does not rule out God, nor does it rule him in.

- anon39279
29
Alternative thinking??

I believe that existence did not start with a big bang of infinite smallness that created everything, this does not make sense. Even our best brains cannot figure this out even whilst agreeing with it.

It is very difficult to believe in the creation of everything from nothing. Magic as such does not exist.

Replace the big bang theory with the concept of a rip in the fabric in time or dimension that causes material from somewhere else to leak through. This would at least confer with the idea of everything developing from a single point.

If you consider the possibility of the rift being caused by a cataclysmic explosion in the other dimension, this could account for the idea that there was a great deal of heat at the conception. It is also possible that the frictional resistances involved in this gigantic upheaval could have caused the extreme temperatures involved.

It is more realistic at least to allow that the matter existed or still exists somewhere. That in itself is I think a more plausible theory.

This rip acts as a venturi that allows material through at an accelerating rate (like gas expanding from a liquid in a refrigeration process for want of a better analogy or compressed foam being released from a container into a void) that is actually causing the universal expansion.

The accumulation of the separate galaxies is caused by the pull action of gravity between the masses of different materials. Larger masses equate to higher gravitational forces and smaller masses creating smaller gravitational forces. This causes planetary alignments and galactic formation. At least this part of the old theory still makes sense.

This in turn keeps everything in check whilst the whole mass is still accelerating apart through the original venturi expansion forces.

The so called black holes in the centre of most galaxies that are supposedly swallowing both mass and light are not black holes as such but reverse rips in the fabric in time or dimension that is causing all matter to return from where it came in an attempt for the whole to rebalance.

After all nature as we know it and existence itself, is all checks and balances. This could just be the ultimate and grand daddy of them all.

- sceptic
25
The Big Bang is supported with a lot of scientific evidence, and is accepted by most scientists today. You can't deny it happened when technology and science prove the theory. There's no question that all matter and energy were once condensed in a small small space. Then something happened, and all matter and energy exploded outward and took it's place. And all the planets and stars are constantly expanding outward still from this "center of the universe".

But why does the Big Bang Theory have to be so different and contradicting from what the Bible says? The Big Bang is just a scientific way of explaining what the Bible says happened. When everything was condensed then something happened and it all expanded and formed into what it is today, why can't that be the story of when God created the heavens and the earth? The Bible says God spoke for the heavens and the earth to be created, and *bam*! The heavens and the earth were created. I would imagine that would create a pretty big bang. And the theory of evolution does not denounce God. It does not say that we came from apes or monkeys, etc. The theory of evolution only says that humans and monkeys have a common ancestor. There was a monkey type animal that could walk on 2 feet and not use it's hands to support the top part of it's body. Scientists have the skeletons of these creatures. They were not human, and they were not monkey. They were in between. That's what the theory of evolution says. That we have a common ancestor. Not that humans came from monkeys.

- anon30462
24
Well as any argument goes we have a lot to learn not only about ourselves but about our very existence.

I think we are on a journey that will reveal itself as time unfolds it's secrets.

Anything is possible, but only in as much as limited by existing thought.

The world is not flat now is it?

- stanaangel
22
anon18773... Isaiah 55:8 For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the *Lord*. So you have no right to question God about who created who.
- anon28432
19
The big bang theory is a simply outrageous idea. In no way is it confirmed. There is proof that the Bible is true. Archeological discoveries confirm. *There is no one God!!!!!!! It doesn't matter where God came from. He has always been. He said "I am that I am." he is everything. You must have faith. John 1:1-4
- anon27902
17
everyone is wrong and everyone is right, i say that because no one knows for sure and will never know for sure. i think people make to much of an issue out of this, and we shouldn't know why and how we are here. my personal opinions bring to me that there was something of a big bang theory, and man or apes were apart of some other distant universe and we evolved from that. i believe in no way that there is a god. i do believe that there was a man named jesus christ, he wasn't born on christmas, and the counting of the years didn't start then.
- anon23074
16
Big bang theory tell universe created from one finite particle, but where is this finite partical from?
- anon22562
15
In response to anon18773, we mortals do not have nor ever will have an understanding of the total universe and God. We only have concepts based on belief. This is where the infinity of time and space is which we can never comprehend.
- anon20407
14
For a discussion that is suppose to about the “big bang” one could say that it has degraded to nonsense. I would defy any and all to pose a definitively logical argument for or against the existence of a god. If not then shut up about it because this really lies in the realm of the philosophy of religion or theology, not science. In reality they are none, I’ve read them all, no theist or atheist be it Anselm’s ontological argument for or Richard Dawkins atheistic theory against has ever put for any facts that can definitively prove or disprove the existence of a god. Their all simply beliefs based on faith nothing more, nothing less.

But I digress, in this past century; we have learned how stars shine for billions of years and how the elements were formed. The known universe went from the Milky Way and an Earth a few million years old, to a vast structure of galactic clusters, quasars, pulsars, black holes, and gamma ray bursts that have evolved over a period of time of roughly 12-15 billion years. The “Big Bang” is a theoretical event that originated from an infinitely hot and infinitely dense singularity that rapidly expanded to create all the matter in the known universe, a spontaneous quantum fluctuation that created the structure and physical laws of the universe, and the beginning of space and time as we know it, all of this evolving through the material processes of self-organization. Our universe continues to expand and cool to this day, we live on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos of an expanding universe. The adventure of ideas in physics and astronomy has been enormously mind-expanding. I believe that space is finite, because it has been expanding at a finite rate for a finite time.

In essence one must come to the understanding that you can either choose to believe that matter has existed for infinity or you can choose to believe that matter is causal in nature, meaning that there was nothing then a cause occurred bring matter into existence. At this point we don’t know exactly how this happened what we do know is we are here now, we exist and the physical universe exists. It really doesn’t necessarily matter whether or not you believe in a god, gods, or a particular philosophy the fact is we do exist period. Life does exist on this planet, in this solar system, and there’s a good chance it exist else where in this universe. The bigger question now is where do we go from here?

- Evan
13
If you are going to say that god created everything, then what created god?
- anon18773
12
i have a few questions about what anon7798 posted. you figure if the big bang theory is really what created earth....what created man? science suggests apes...well, what created the apes?....did they evolve from stars and gases and dust particles and such? one way or another there has to be a higher power. in other words GOD. He had to create something that lived for all of us to be here. but i would love to hear feedback about what you think happened. if the big bang created earth and all solar systems and such...what created LIFE?
- confusedchic
10
It's true though, religion and science always argue with each other. i mean, scientists think that we came from apes, and religious people think it was god and adam and eve. SO what is the truth?sometimes i think that the monkey discovery seems more realistic, although there most likely is a god.

- anon7798
9
Maybe all of you should look into string theory it in fact does have a very plausible explanation of how the Big Bang occurred.

As for God, whether or not he exists it's best to leave that out of these discussions, it has no bearing on the subject matter.

- Evan
7
There is in fact a God and only one God, you look at all the big religions of this world and most of them believe in a God. This big bang theory proves that there most be a God because how could the big bang have gone off? Or how could the tiny protons have gotten there? This must mean God has created science.
- anon4229
6
science and religion need to stop fighting with each other. science doesn't disprove God, it proves the process of God's actions.

the big bang could be God's process of how He created the earth. Ok, so we all know what happened in the big bang, but does anybody know what CAUSED it to happen?

- anon2440
5
Tbh, bringing religion into this discussion is completely obsurd. This theory, if proven correct will pretty much decimate any faith in religion. Im not an atheist but i hold an open mind to the realisation that god may not exist. Science may also be completely wrong. As for the first persons question, you have a good point there, is there a limit to how much mass there is in our universe? tho when you ask does space end? i think we need to find where space begins before anyone can even attempt to judge that. Personally i can understand why we as humans who live with limitations can't comprehend how something can just never come to an end but without driving yourself insane thinking about this, you may aswell just stop this trail of thought becuase it would take us over 2 million years to reach Andromeda (our nearest solar system) which means we're never going to explore far enough to ever find an end to the universe, and what will we find at the end? see what im saying...some things will never be discovered. If Einstein's theory of relativity is correct then it is going to be seriously difficult to ever explore even Andromeda let alone anywhere else in this universe seeing as once something acheives the speed of light, it's changed into energy, even if Cryo-stasis is greatly improved, there is just to much that could go wrong with some kind of auto-pilot, comets, black holes, solar flares, planetary bodies not discovered on our set course. 2 million years of cryo-stasis wouldn't be possible. Worm holes are the only real way i can think of that kind of exploration ever becoming a possibilty and even then there are so many things we dont understand about them, infact we barely even know if they exist. It's great to ask questions but there's no point in driving yourself nuts asking questions that are impossible to answer with our current knowledge. Thanks, hope you enjoyed reading what i had to say :)
- anon1863
2
hello,

the theory of expansion of earth. and the big bang theory is there in holyQuran. every thing created by god only.believe. believe some truths.some will take time to understand but truth is allways truth.our life time is toooooo small to research and find out some hidden truths .from micro to macro.if u can u you will reach an ultimate truth.that is god .god gives you brain to think.now he is giving another opportunity........a life after death is waiting for us .be prepare for that.Quran,bible, injeel, touraath, etc, are the informations of God. Man made changes in each except Quran. God is great.

- anon575
1
So does this mean that there is a certain amount of matter that exists? Because when that super-dense super-hot mass expanded there must have been a limit to how dense it was....does that mean that space ends? Where does space end? Can it really go on forever? If not what is at the end?
- anon560

FREE: Subscribe to wiseGEEK

 
    learn more

our strict privacy policy ensures that your email address will be safe



Written by Michael Anissimov
Last Modified: 16 November 2009

copyright © 2003 - 2009
conjecture corporation