Small ischemic vessel disease, also called white matter disease, occurs as a result of damage to the brain’s white matter. Generally, this damage can stem from different conditions or injury. This disease is detected through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computer tomography (CT) tests. Severe damage to the vessels and white matter can cause problems with the functions of the brain and how it controls the body, such as awkward movement and speech difficulties.

The brain has many small vessels that serve as miniature passages. They are responsible for distributing and regulating blood, fluid, and oxygen in the brain. Small ischemic vessel disease is the occurrence of damage to either the vessels themselves or the surrounding white brain matter. Damage to the vessels eventually causes damage to the brain matter, which is diagnosed with an MRI or CT.

Causes of small ischemic vessel disease include diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and migraine headaches. Other damage can be the result of conditions such as atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow to the brain. This reduction of blood causes damage to tissue and vessels, which is called ischemic injury.

Research has shown that patients with diabetes and hypertension have more tissue and vessel damage, but not every person with these conditions will suffer from small ischemic vessel disease. Some patients do not experience neurological problems that occur with white matter damage. Unless damage occurs on a severe level, as is common with strokes, the brain can usually adjust to slow damage.

In instances of strokes, the brain can be affected two ways. Small ischemic vessel disease can be evident on one or both sides of the brain. The occurrence of this disease without a stroke happening first can leave a patient more susceptible to having a stroke. White matter damage can cause problems with the vessels, thereby reducing blood flow, which can lead to a stroke.

Treating small ischemic vessel disease is important. Medications are prescribed to increase blood flow, reduce clotting, and/or widen vessels. Since patients commonly suffer from underlying conditions, proper treatment for these conditions is important.

Preventing small ischemic vessel disease is crucial when patients are at risk. This involves treating existing conditions that can potentially lead to vessel and white matter damage. Prevention also involves lifestyle changes that should help reduce risk factors. These changes include preventing coronary blockages, exercising regularly, and eating healthy.