Crafts
Fact-checked

At HomeQuestionsAnswered, we're committed to delivering accurate, trustworthy information. Our expert-authored content is rigorously fact-checked and sourced from credible authorities. Discover how we uphold the highest standards in providing you with reliable knowledge.

Learn more...

What is Shellac?

S. Mithra
S. Mithra

In its most well known form, shellac mixes with an alcohol base to make varnish. Yet shellac, a sticky, yellowish resin, goes through many bizarre stages of evolution as it makes its way from inside a parasitic insect to covering your oak rocking chair. Harvesting the resin off of insects, predominantly in South Asia, remains the only method of cultivating this useful and adaptable substance.

The history of an old gramophone album or Oriental rug dye begins with a tiny insect, Laccifera lacca. Hundreds of these critters hatch out of eggs and scatter over a juicy plant or tree. Immediately, they attach their mouth to a leaf or stem to suck food and water from the host plant for the rest of their lives.

Shellac is used in Oriental rug dyes.
Shellac is used in Oriental rug dyes.

As these "scale" bugs develop from pupa to adults, they gradually excrete a sticky or waxy liquid that encases them in a cocoon. Since they'd be easy targets for predators, these scales detach from their skin and harden to protect them from pecking birds or hungry spiders. In India and Thailand, cultivators allow thousands of these insects to establish themselves on trees like the kusum, palas, and raintree.

Leather can be tanned using shellac.
Leather can be tanned using shellac.

This unusual "crop" is maintained for a season, until the time when males leave their scales and females lay new eggs. To harvest the crop, all the bits of stems and bodies and shells of insects are washed off branches to form crude lac. After much washing, filtering, and processing, this becomes seed lac and then refined shellac.

Raw shellac gets its yellow or orange tint from a dye inside the female insect's ovaries. Some woodworkers prefer an amber varnish, while other products bleach the shellac to make a clear sealant. In the past, shellac was used in tanning leather, forming records (before vinyl displaced it), and polishing wood floors. As far back as the 3rd century, people used shellac to dye fabric. Starting in the 16th century, they developed a way to paint it onto wood as a sealer.

Shellac may be used as a protective coating on furniture such as rocking chairs.
Shellac may be used as a protective coating on furniture such as rocking chairs.

Today, shellac covers time-release pills for oral medication, makes yellow and orange food coloring, and seals letters with wax. Since it's non-toxic and edible, other synthetic substances haven't replaced shellac. Even carpenters still value its ability to protect wood from damaging ultraviolet rays. Though it has a strong odor, varnish made from shellac dries quickly and isn't hazardous once cured. It can be used around pets and babies, finishing doors and toy chests, without fear of toxicity.

Discussion Comments

anon131797

is furniture shellac the same as nail shellac?

anon122942

Good definition of shellac! Who knew it came from bugs?

anon121314

Last I heard M&M's don't use it anymore. However, Reese's Pieces still do.

anon72703

your site is good.

anon59132

Of course, that's what makes M&M's taste so good!!

richo2067

Is Shellac used as the shiny coating on M and Ms Chocolates?

Post your comments
Login:
Forgot password?
Register:
    • Shellac is used in Oriental rug dyes.
      By: Marco Mayer
      Shellac is used in Oriental rug dyes.
    • Leather can be tanned using shellac.
      By: kobolia
      Leather can be tanned using shellac.
    • Shellac may be used as a protective coating on furniture such as rocking chairs.
      Shellac may be used as a protective coating on furniture such as rocking chairs.