The term prophylaxis refers to medical or public health measures taken in order to prevent disease or health problems, rather than to treat or cure an existing condition. Prophylaxis is also a way to stem an outbreak of disease, or minimize the symptoms of someone who has been exposed to a disease or virus.

Primary prophylaxis includes any measure that is taken to prevent disease before it occurs. A good example of this is having your teeth professionally cleaned by a dentist. The cleaning helps to prevent plaque, tooth decay, and gum disease. Secondary prophylaxis refers to procedures that help to prevent infection after exposure to a disease, or to ease symptoms associated with an illness or health condition. For example, if a health care worker is exposed to the HIV/AIDS virus, they will take an antiretroviral drug to help prevent them from contracting the disease.

Vaccinations are a good example of prophylaxis. Inoculations are used to ensure that the recipient does not contract a specific illness, therefore eliminating the possibility of a need for treatment later in life. On a larger scale, emergency preparedness is another form of prophylaxis. Since outbreaks can occur in disastrous situations, being prepared for such an event lessens the need for eventual treatment.

Condoms are referred to as prophylactics, because they prevent pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Antibiotics are sometimes used as a prophylaxis when the patient has been exposed to a disease or substance such as anthrax, to lessen the symptoms or side effects from the exposure.

Anticoagulants are given to those who suffer from cardiovascular disease. Often these patients take a daily dose of acetylsalicylic acid in the form of over the counter drugs like Aspirin. The tablets help to thin the blood, thereby reducing the risk of blood clots that can cause heart attacks or stroke.

Any medical field you can think of makes use of prophylaxes. Plastic surgeons administer drugs to their patients to help prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a potential risk with any cosmetic surgery. Radiation for cancer patients is considered prophylaxis. Even those who practice homeopathy and alternative medicine have various forms of prophylaxes that they use to treat patients with.

Prophylaxis can refer to an extensive regimen of drugs and medical procedures, or it can be as simple as using an antiseptic spray on a wound to speed healing and prevent infection.