What is Hyperplasia?
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Hyperplasia is used to describe the body building extra cells in organs or tissue. This process can be completely normal, or at least not malignant, as in sebaceous hyperplasia, which causes skin cells to develop small yellow growths on the face. Perhaps the most benign form is the growth of the breasts during breastfeeding. Several forms of hyperplasia are a bit more complex, and may necessitate treatment. These include enlargement of the prostate, inflammation of the uterus, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results from improper amounts of testosterone and estrogen, which cause marked differences in the development of sexual organs. These differences may be present either at birth or when children begin to develop secondary sexual characteristics. There are many different forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, but in overview, this disease can lead to malformed genitalia, ambiguous genitalia, early growth, early puberty or no onset of puberty, and infertility.
In the most serious form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the child has an abnormal 21st chromosome. This disease manifests immediately after birth, with nausea so severe that many children die by their second week of life. Supplementing or blocking certain hormones to produce natural growth and development of the sex organs can address less severe forms.
Inflammation of the uterus can be caused by hyperplasia of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. This condition can be benign and cause no problems, but it may also be considered precancerous and require careful follow-up with a gynecologist. Several subtypes of hyperplasia of the endometrium exist.
Simple hyperplasia without atypia, or cystic hyperplasia, produces more cells in the endometrium, but does not change the cells. In moderate hyperplasia without atypia, the cells themselves have enlarged, but are still considered normal cells. These two types have about a 4% risk of developing into uterine cancer.
When simple or moderate hyperplasia presents with atypia, the cells that grow in the endometrium are not normal. In simple hyperplasia, the abnormal cells are not cancerous, but there is an 8% chance they will lead to uterine cancer. Moderate or complex hyperplasia is most indicated in causing uterine cancer, when cells are abnormal. About 25% of women with this type of hyperplasia will develop cancer.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, or enlargement of the prostate, is non-cancerous. It can be uncomfortable, causing slowed urine stream, stopping and starting of urine, frequent need to urinate, or smaller than normal urine streams. Depending upon the severity of the condition, patients may be carefully monitored by doctors or given medications that help to shrink the prostate. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.
Some enlargement of the prostate is expected in men as they age. Doctors generally examine the prostate to rule out prostate cancer. When there is no presence of cancer, the most common diagnosis is benign prostatic hyperplasia, which in most cases requires minimal if any treatment.
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what are the medications to treat hyperplasia?
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(1).Case abstract. Male, 59-year-old.Chief complaints. Coma, aphasia and paralysis of right half body for one day( Told by family members on behalf of the patient). Present medical history. From half a year ago, the legs were benumbed and the muscle of legs was atrophy; he suffered leg pain and claudication after walking, which was remitted after rest. After drinking one day ago, he suddenly suffered headache, giddiness, aphasia, coma, and paralysis of right half body, oral leaning to left and incontinence. Diagnosis in the local clinic: thrombus of the brain. Past medical history. He was suffered from hypertension more than 30 years, and suffered headache, neck rigidity ( stiff-neck ), dizzy and giddiness, and the blood pressure was ranged from 24.6/13.3 kPa( 185/100 mmHg) to 26.6/14. 6 kPa(200/ll0 mmHg) in recent 5 years. Physical examination. Bp is 25.3/14.6 kPa( 190/110 mmHg); heart rate is 90 times /min; body temperature is 37℃ ; and breathing per rain is 25 times. The development and nourishment was good, he was obesity, the perimeter of his abdomen was 122 cm, coma, the breath was slow and deep, oral leaning to the left, spastic paralysis of right half body, the Babinski reflex was positive, and the right physiological reflex was sthenic. The lower limbs were atrophy, lesion of the right leg was more apparent. The apical impulse was intensified, and the range of pulsation was extended. Fundus examination : The atherosclerosis of retina was thin like silver silk with high reflection, the phenomenon of arteriovenous crossing oppression, and the papilloedema of optic nerve. X-ray examination: The left boundary of the heart was extended, and the aortic arch was stood out, presented “boot-like” form. The computered tomography examination: There was the hemorrhage in left internal capsule. Urinary routine: the urinary protein was positive(+). Treatment. 0.5 μg/min of the sodium nitroprusside and 250 mL of the sorbite were administrated by intravenous drip, and the expectant treatment was performed by administrating hemostatic medicine, and so on. Clinic diagnosis. Cerebral hemorrhage Discussion. 1). What kind of pathological changes do this patient suffered? 2). What is consequence of this patient ? ( 2 ) Case abstract. 25-year-old, He suffered chill, fever, cough with brown sputum and chest pain for 1 week. Present medical history. About one week ago, he feel malaise, then suffered chill, fever with body temperature 40℃. The symptoms alleviated slightly after treated by antibiotics. He still suffered chill and high fever on the second day. He developed chest pain, dry cough accompanying with brown reddish sputum then developed dyspnea in the afternoon. Past medical history. Healthy. Physical examination. Good nutrition, consciousness, high fever features, mandible lymph nodes swell, tenderness (+). There are herpes around mouth, congestion at pharynx. Tubular breath sound can be heard at right scapular region, no dry rales and wet rales; Heart rate: 100 times/min. Body temperature: 39.7℃, X-ray: there are large piece of clouding shadow at upper lobe of right lung. Blood routine. WBC: 15×109/L; st: 0.19; sg: 0.76; L: 0.05. Process of treatment. After treated by antibiotics and anti-symptom therapy, fever relieved rapidly; symptoms disappeared. He discharged after 3-week treatment. Discussion 1). What is the diagnosis of the case? 2). What lesions does this case show?
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Tricia Ellis-Christensen
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