What is Gravity?

define

Essentially, gravity is an attractive force between objects. Most people are familiar with gravity as the reason behind things staying on the Earth's surface, or "what goes up, must come down," but gravity actually has a much vaster significance. Gravity is responsible for the formation of our Earth and all other planets and for the movement of all heavenly bodies. It is gravity that makes our planet revolve around the Sun, and the Moon revolve around the Earth.

Though humans have always been aware of gravity, there have been many attempts to accurately explain it throughout the years, and theories must regularly be improved upon to account for previously unconsidered aspects of gravity. Aristotle was one of the first thinkers to postulate the reason for gravity, and his and other early theories relied on a geocentric model of the universe, with the Earth at its center. Galileo, the Italian physicist who made the first telescopic observations supporting a heliocentric model of the solar system, with the Sun at the center, also made strides in the theory of gravity around the turn of the 17th century. He discovered that objects of varying weights fall towards the Earth at the same speed.

In 1687, English scientist Sir Isaac Newton published his law of universal gravitation, which is still used to describe the forces of gravity in most everyday contexts. Newton's first law states that the force of gravity between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, or mathematically: F=G(m1m2/d2), where G is a constant.

Newton's second law states that gravitational force is equal to the product of a body's mass and its acceleration, or F=ma. This means that two masses that are gravitationally attracted to each other experience the same force, but that it translates into a much greater acceleration for a smaller object. Therefore, when an apple falls towards the Earth, both the Earth and the apple experience equal force, but the Earth accelerates towards the apple at a negligible speed, since it is so much more massive than the apple.

Around the late 19th century, astronomers began to notice that Newton's law did not perfectly account for observed gravitational phenomena in our solar system, notably in the case of Mercury's orbit. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, published in 1915, resolved the issue of Mercury's orbit, but it has since been found to be incomplete as well, as it cannot account for phenomena described in quantum mechanics. String theory is one of the foremost modern theories to explain quantum gravity. Though Newton's law is not perfect, it is still widely used and taught because of its simplicity and close approximation of reality.

Because gravitational force is proportional to the masses of the two objects experiencing it, different heavenly bodies exert stronger or weaker gravitational force. For this reason, an object will have different weights on different planets, being heavier on more massive planets and lighter on less massive planets. This is why humans are much lighter on the Moon than they are on the Earth.

It's a popular misconception that astronauts experience weightlessness during space travel because they are outside the field of gravitational force of a large body. In fact, weightlessness during space travel is actually achieved because of free fall — the astronaut and the space shuttle or rocket are both falling (or accelerating) at the same speeds. The same speed gives the notion of weightlessness or floating. This is the same concept as a person on a "free fall" ride at an amusement park. Both the rider and the ride are falling at the same speed causing the rider to seem as though he is falling independent of the ride. The same feeling can be experienced while riding an airplane or an elevator that suddenly breaks from its normal rate of decent.

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24
For anyone interested: Yes, gravity can be described, measured and calculated -- and that is what it is.

What you do not understand is, "what causes it". There are people who understand gravity and how it can both attract and repel. All that I am willing to tell you is that "it is a property of the medium".

- anon53254
23
The short answer to "What is Gravity ?"

Nobody knows !

We do know how to measure it and calculate its affects but we do not know what it actually IS.

Rates up there with "What is an Electron?" Is it a discrete material particle or a quantum wave structure?

- anon52957
22
For anyone interested: Simply stated, gravity is a property of the medium.

Gravity attracts and repels very similar to magnetic forces. Ask yourself this question: why is gravity the weakest of all the known forces yet when it comes to black holes, it becomes the strongest of the forces? Understand this paradox and you will understand gravity. It is not complicated. An open mind works much better than a closed one.

- anon52941
21
For anyone interested: Gravity is very much like the buoyant ball in water. The ball floats to the surface. But why does it stop there? If the ball were lighter than air, it would continue to rise. For anyone who knows anything about the true nature of gravity, this is a good analogy. It describes why electrons do not fall into the nucleus -- and, yes, normal space is very much a real quantity. Light and all e-m radiation are simply pressure waves in normal space. Black holes are simply the absence of normal space. Physicists need to rethink the positive and negative forces. They are the two sides of one force. It is human nature that holds physicists back from the unified theory. If a lay person can figure it out, why can't they? The answer is all around them yet they do not see!
- anon47705
20
For anyone interested: Tesla was right. We live in a fluid universe and as soon as our physicists realize this, the sooner they'll be able to "discover" the unified theory. Magnetic and electric fields are positive proof of its existence -- never mind light and gravity. Welcome to the "fishbowl" folks. A special "Hi" to all you 'armchair' physicists. What a pleasure. :)
- anon45103
19
Read the summation of Tesla's Dynamic Theory of Gravity. Most of his work was confiscated.

Gravity is the result of zero point energy in

space (either) beating down on matter, creating a push on planet earth. That's why gravity decreases as you go deeper (gets screened off).

- anon44606
18
What is the reason for gravitational force? or why do bodies with mass attract each other?
- anon44493
17
For anyone interested. Gravity is both a push and a pull -- it's only a matter of scale. Push means repel and pull means attract. At the subatomic level it attracts and repels. Anyone who really understands the mechanics of gravity knows this. It explains many things in the cosmos, but it also means that there are many more processes as yet undiscovered. all to do with the assembly of dark matter. All that we see is the atomized version of matter. you could say we are 'light' matter.
- anon44114
16
Gravity is not a pulling force, it is a pushing force. Consider it like holding a soccer ball underwater, it is the force acting on the outside of the ball. On an astronical context it is the displacement of a bodies mass of space-time.

The only weight we would have in space is not from gravity but from inertia. If you were stranded 200KM above earth and stationary you would weigh nothing. The force decreases according to the inverse square rule, so you wouldn't have to go far out to become weightless.

An interesting point is that if it is a pulling force, where is the centre of the force? If it was pulling with the same force in every direction the true center of gravity would be at the earths core, and the engery would be coming from somewhere and getting converted to something else (law of conservation). However modern measurments have proved that as soon as we go underground we become lighter. That rules out any pulling force.

Einstein was correct, gravity is the distortion or warping of space-time, and it is the bodies' mass that determines the magnitude of this distortion. It is an effect rather than a force, which means that as far as I am concerned we will never bo able to isolate a particle which could be described as a Graviton.

Some sort of solution might transpire if CERN manage to prove the existence of the Higgs?

- anon43273
15
WiseGeek does not explain what gravity is!

It only reflects on how we make use of it.

Is it a 'pull or a push'? From the Tamarack

Mines Mystery, it would appear to be a push

towards the centre of the earth.

It does have similarity to magnetism.

- anon43013
14
Isn't Newton's first law is to do with inertia? "An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion, with constant speed and direction, unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force."

The 'first law' stated in the article is actually Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.

Robert J. Schofield [physics teacher]

- anon41444
13
Roy Masters says he knows what gravity is, namely a Spin Force. Does anyone wish to comment on what he says?
- anon40227
12
Objects with mass bend and warp space-time

around themselves causing the effect of gravity... Just another illusion interpreted holographically, by our brains, in this ever so unreal, reality, we so blindly overlook, in our cultures way to subdue closed minds. Think people, maybe do some DMT, that is if you're looking for a real answer. Gravity is just one of physics, blundering questions, seeing that it takes observation by consciousness for anything to exist in the first place... Here's a problem. The measurement problem in quantum mechanics is the unresolved problem of how (or if) wavefunction collapse occurs during conscious observation... Look that up, stop dealing with the petty ideas we can't probe yet, at least not to those depths of gravity, with the LHC is impossible... Have fun people... DMT... Just do it!

- anon35712
11
I can't find anyone who can explain what gravity actually is..!!

They say it is a force of attraction between objects,, but why would a object with mass attract another object with mass..

It is not a magnetic attraction, or magnetic objects would be attracted more than non magnetic objects..

Everyone can explain how it works,, but not why it works..!!!

Must all just be a dream if the why cannot be answered..

- anon35312
10
Is the value of gravity the same throughout earth? Explain.
- anon29058
9
Let me pose a question, No one can explain gravity. My thoughts about gravity are this. Everyone thinks the earth spins and that is what is pulling us to earth. However, spin something at a high rate and what happens? It goes away from you. So my theory is this. Space is pushing us and all things to earth. The earth's atmosphere keeps us alive, acts like a shield but it allows the force of the universe through and pushes us into the earth. Questions, concerns?
- anon26954
8
the reason is that universal gravitation is a really small force, 6.67*10^-11, so in order for two bodies to attract each other, they have to be of a really large mass to compensate for the small attraction force. at least that's what i just learnt in physics class. hope it helps!
- anon23233
7
are stars considered to be free-falling? and if not, what is holding them up? sorry to ask a question and have no answers.
- anon22913
3
I have discovered when we speak of free fall we seem to be talking about falling in a state with the force of gravity and against it. Even though the detection of g-waves has not been achieved and it seems likely will not be - hence. for Einstein's assertion that this is the restraints to why things fall in the manner they do. But I have also found that the percentage of free fall due to weight - it is not gravity that is constant but it is weight.

Pertinent of g-waves I dont think they exist either. The interaction of free fall determined by an objects weight - does not exist to the physical application of waves because if it were so - placing a plate between the object and the secondary mass would illustrate the means in difference. The fact that no one can weigh something as it moves - well, gravity free fall is the act of falling through empty space and not pulled down by a g-wave but is falling with the pressure of space. In outer space a person floats because gravity doesnt exist at a distance like close to a distance on earth. A body floats because gravity which creates weight - in space is exempt as a field. Its zero point energy. Again in space one floats with pressure that same effect where on earth one falls

- anon11626
2
Imagine you are in an elevator at the top of a tall building, and its cable breaks. During the elevator's fall to the ground you will experience weightlessness because you are falling freely in response to the Earth's gravity field. Consider now a parachutist who jumps from a plane moving 100 miles per hour. He also experiences weightlessness until the chute opens, even though he is well inside the Earth's gravity field, and may be moving forward at 100 mph while in free fall in response to the Earth's gravity. During the time he fell towards the surface he moved far enough forward that the curvature of the Earth made him fall a couple feet further than the height he was at when he jumped.

In the same manner, an astronaut is in free fall under the Earth's gravity but is also moving so fast forward that during the time he's fallen a foot, he's moved far enough forward that the curvature of the Earth has dropped a foot below him. For every foot he moves toward the earth's surface he's also moved far enough forward that the surface is another foot farther away. Thus, he continues falling toward the surface forever, while the surface curves away from him. He feels weightlessness continuously, without a stop at the bottom that abruptly terminates the experience for the elevator rider or the parachutist.

The astronaut's experience of weightlessness is a result of being in a state of free fall, which one can experience, at least for short times, very near the surface. The force of gravity at the altitude astronauts orbit is hardly reduced at all, relative to that on the surface. If one were to build a platform 300 miles high (approximately the altitude of satellites in near Earth orbit), stand there and weigh one's self, they'd find their weight only about 3% less than it was at sea level.

Steven K. Smith

- anon5820
Editor's reply: Thanks for that interesting post!
1
Astronauts' experience of weighlessness has nothing to do with being "outside the field of gravitational force" as stated in the article. The experience of weightlessness is due to being in a state of free fall while in orbit around the earth, or while coasting between bodies, the earth and moon for example. The moon is definately within the earth's gravitational field, for example, at 384,000 km distant, so an astronaut orbiting a few hundred km high would certainly be in earth's gravitational field as well.

Steven K. Smith

[email removed]

- anon451
Editor's reply: Though I'm not sure, I think the reason why astronauts appear to be outside of earth's gravitational pull is because they have such little mass (relative to the moon, for example). So they are out of the earth's pull, based on their size, but not out of the range of earth's pull for larger objects.

Can anyone else shed some light on this?

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Written by Niki Foster
Last Modified: 19 November 2009

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