Goiter is the term used to describe enlarging or swelling of the thyroid, a tiny gland found near the Adam's apple. The swollen area may be sore and tender or may not be painful at all. In some cases, the goiter can cause pressure on the esophagus, which can result in a tight feeling around the throat, causing shortness of breath or a choking sensation. There are different kinds of goiter. The most common types are colloid, toxic nodular and nontoxic.

Colloid refers to goiter caused by hypothyroidism, or decreased production of thyroid hormones. In this case, the thyroid gland increases in size because it is attempting to produce a greater amount of hormones. Weight gain or the inability to lose weight may be an issue for people suffering from this condition, because the hormones made by the thyroid are essential to healthy metabolism. Slow metabolism causes people to burn calories at a decreased rate.

Toxic nodular goiter usually refers to hyperthyroidism or the excess production of thyroid hormones, as well as other inconsistencies in the nodules of the thyroid. These inconsistencies may include malignancies. People with this condition may have difficulty gaining weight. Nontoxic goiter does not represent malignancies.

Goiter is thought to be caused by iodine deficiency in many cases, although with the advent of iodized products such as table salt, iodine related goiter has decreased by large numbers in the United States. Other causes include thyroid cancer and non-malignant thyroid cysts. Other hormonal changes in the body like pregnancy or puberty, as well as certain foods, can also cause goiters, but these are usually small and not problematic.

There are many treatment options available, although a very small or non-problematic goiter may simply be observed for some time before treatment is indicated. A goiter that requires medical attention may be treated with hormone replacement therapy. In some cases, surgery is required. For example, if the goiter causes too much pressure on the windpipe, prevents proper swallowing or breathing, or presents uncertainties regarding a malignant nature, surgery may be advisable. If you suffer from goiter, or think you might, please consult with your healthcare provider.