Firmware refers to read-only memory (ROM) chips that store permanent instructions. Firmware boots up computerized or digital devices, as ROM chips are non-volatile, meaning they do not require a power source to hold their contents. This differentiates firmware from random access memory (RAM), for example, which loses stored data at shutdown. Perhaps the most familiar firmware is the basic input output system (BIOS) chip. The BIOS chip on a computer motherboard holds instructions that, upon powering up, initialize the hardware, ensure components are working, and finally roll out the operating system to take over.

In the past, firmware chips could not be rewritten. When the BIOS became outdated, the only option was to buy a new motherboard. New firmware would understand the latest hardware so that the user would not be limited to older drives and other legacy technologies when facing inevitable upgrades.

It became clear that a new type of firmware chip that could be updated would be extremely beneficial. This became possible with flash memory chips. With the BIOS written to this type of chip, a user could connect to the manufacturer’s website, download a firmware upgrade to diskette and flash the BIOS chip during boot-up to install a new set of instructions. All quality motherboards today feature a flash BIOS, or upgradeable firmware.

Firmware is at the heart of virtually every popular digital device. Portable audio players, cell phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras and gaming consoles are just some of the devices that use firmware. When shopping for electronic items, take note that if the firmware can be flashed, the product is usually advertised as being ‘upgradeable.’ This is accomplished online by connecting the device to a universal serial bus (USB) or FireWire port on your computer system and following instructions from the manufacturer’s website.

Upgradeable firmware has extended the life of countless electronic devices, adding new functionality. However, flashing firmware is also risky, as the device will not boot if the flashing process is interrupted or becomes corrupted. When upgrading firmware, be sure to follow instructions carefully and back up any important data beforehand.