Exercise physiology is a field of study devoted to examining the body’s response to physical activity. In a nutshell, its primary focus is "exercise as medicine." Topics of interest for someone working in the field of exercise physiology may include human energy expenditure, human energy transfer, and environmental effects on physiology. Exercise physiologists also devote a great deal of study to how physical activity influences the body’s cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and musculoskeletal system.

The field of exercise physiology can be split into two primary areas of specialization: fitness and rehabilitation. Exercise physiologists who focus on fitness may work with professional athletes to improve their performance or counsel private clients who are trying to lose weight and get in shape. Exercise physiology professionals who specialize in rehabilitation often help people who are recovering from injuries or dealing with chronic conditions such as arthritis and lower back pain by developing a customized exercise program that can be used as part of a comprehensive treatment strategy.

Contrary to popular belief, becoming a successful exercise physiologist requires much more than a simple knowledge of sports and physical fitness. Strong communications skills are essential, since an exercise physiologist must often work closely with a wide variety of patients on a daily basis. Students interested in pursing careers within the field of exercise physiology will also need to complete rigorous college courses in chemistry, human anatomy, sports nutrition, kinesiology, and biomechanics. An undergraduate degree in exercise physiology or exercise science is typically required and a masters degree may be necessary for certain types of employment. Practical experience gained through an internship or part-time employment is highly recommended for most entry-level exercise physiology positions.

There are many employment opportunities within the field of exercise physiology. An exercise physiologist may find work as a sports and wellness program manager, a sports medicine researcher, a fitness club instructor, a corporate health specialist, nutritional consultant, or a sports physiologist for a professional athletic team. There are also a number of hospital positions available for exercise physiologists who wish to specialize in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. Salaries for exercise physiologists vary depending upon geographic location, professional experience, and the type of employer.

Since the field of exercise physiology is rapidly evolving as researchers learn more about the effects of physical activity on the human body, continuing education is a necessity. Independent professional organizations such as The Center for Exercise Physiology provide ongoing education and training for exercise physiologists. In addition, the American College of Sports Medicine administers a Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist certification program.