Art
Fact-checked

At MusicalExpert, we're committed to delivering accurate, trustworthy information. Our expert-authored content is rigorously fact-checked and sourced from credible authorities. Discover how we uphold the highest standards in providing you with reliable knowledge.

Learn more...

What is a Watermark?

Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon

A watermark is an image which appears on fine papers or on some documents to prevent counterfeiting. The watermark is designed to appear only when the paper is held at a particular angle, or against a black background. Standard paper usually does not include a watermark, as making a watermark will drive the cost of the paper up. Fine art papers use watermarks to identify the manufacturer, and companies such as banks frequently use specially watermarked paper for security.

There are two types of watermarks: true watermarks and artificial watermarks. A true watermark is applied during the paper manufacturing process using a special tool called a dandy roll. The dandy roll is pressed against the paper pulp while it is drying, and marks on the dandy roll will transfer to the paper pulp, creating an image. This image is called a watermark because it is made while the paper pulp is still wet with water.

Currency is generally watermarked to prevent counterfeiting.
Currency is generally watermarked to prevent counterfeiting.

An artificial watermark is applied during the printing process. Artificial watermarks are made using specially formulated inks or varnishes which will only show up at certain angles or under certain conditions, such as black light. These watermarks are cheaper than true watermarks, and can be easily customized for individual uses. They are also easier to fake by skilled counterfeiters. Personal checks and official documents such as passports often use artificial watermarks.

UV black light can be used to inspect for artificial watermarks.
UV black light can be used to inspect for artificial watermarks.

For an example of a security watermark, hold a piece of currency to the light. As you turn the paper to change the viewing angle, a faint image will appear. Depending on the nationality and the denomination of the currency, the watermark will change: but you will note that it is difficult to fake. Usually currency uses true watermarks in combination with specialized engravings to minimize the risk of copying.

Passports often contain an artificial watermark as a means of authentication.
Passports often contain an artificial watermark as a means of authentication.

When applied to fine art papers, a watermark tells the consumer who manufactured the paper, assuring a certain quality. Usually a manufacturer's watermark is a stylized logo, although in some cases the watermark may include general information about the paper such as recycled content and name of the paper. Sometimes, fine art papers may use a watermark to create a unique pattern which covers the entire sheet of paper. Such so-called laid stock papers often have a fine grid of lines or another such ornamental pattern.

Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon

Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the exciting challenge of being a MusicalExpert researcher and writer. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors.

Learn more...
Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon

Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the exciting challenge of being a MusicalExpert researcher and writer. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors.

Learn more...

Discussion Comments

anon154925

Many thanks. this is very useful to know the story behind the name of watermark.

mitchell14

Often when you pay with a new-looking twenty dollar bill or higher, you can see the store check the watermark. Sometimes they hold the bills up to the light, and other times they use markers to test the paper consistency. I like when they do that, it makes me feel a little more secure.

anon143880

thanks. i got the basic idea about water marking.

Post your comments
Login:
Forgot password?
Register:
    • Currency is generally watermarked to prevent counterfeiting.
      By: JohnKwan
      Currency is generally watermarked to prevent counterfeiting.
    • UV black light can be used to inspect for artificial watermarks.
      By: Andrey Sukhachev
      UV black light can be used to inspect for artificial watermarks.
    • Passports often contain an artificial watermark as a means of authentication.
      By: charles taylor
      Passports often contain an artificial watermark as a means of authentication.