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What is a Mug Shot?

Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

A mug shot is an identifying photograph used by law enforcement. These photographs are usually taken after an arrest and entered into a database. They date back to the 19th century, and some sources credit the infamous photographs of the conspirators involved in the murder of the United States' President Abraham Lincoln as beginning the practice of criminal photograph identification.

Often, famed and notorious detective Allan Pinkerton is credited with creating the first mug shot databases. Pinkerton, though hardly a man of unblemished reputation, is nonetheless often cited as the father of modern investigative procedure, including the use of shared databases for identification purposes. Pinkerton was said to be inspired by the photographs of the Lincoln conspirators when implementing his system of mug shot use in the 1860s. Earlier inspiration may also be attributed to artist renditions of fugitive criminals, also known as “wanted” posters, that were popular in the days before photography. These images served to put both civilians and law enforcement agents on the look out for a fugitive in the area.

A mug shot is usually taken after an arrest.
A mug shot is usually taken after an arrest.

Until the advent of computers and digital cameras, a mug shot was taken with the arrested person holding a card that bore his or her name and a reference number. Today, that data is generally inserted by digital technology. Whereas the photo would originally be stored in physical filing systems, most identification systems today run entirely through computer databases. Shared databases can help law enforcement co-ordinate efforts, ensuring that a person with other warrants when arrested will be quickly identified.

Mug shots can be found online by searching police databases.
Mug shots can be found online by searching police databases.

A mug shot is generally composed of two pictures: a front view and a profile image. These images were once used to create rogues galleries, which are bulletin boards covered with the photos of wanted criminals, used to remind law enforcement officials of primary targets. In many regions, they are public domain images and can be published freely in publications or online. In most cases, any mug shot of any person can be obtained as long as the criminal proceedings have not been sealed by a judge.

Patrol officers should be kept abreast of wanted criminal descriptions so they know what to be on the lookout for.
Patrol officers should be kept abreast of wanted criminal descriptions so they know what to be on the lookout for.

Some judges and regions do not permit the use of an identifying mug shot as part of a trial presentation. According to some rulings, this is because juries may have an automatic negative association with these familiar pictures, which may call up prejudicial visions of Old West “wanted” posters and other criminal images. A mug shot is only meant as a record of an arrest, and does not mean that a person has been charged or convicted of any sort of crime.

Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

With a B.A. in theater from UCLA and a graduate degree in screenwriting from the American Film Institute, Jessica is passionate about drama and film. She has many other interests, and enjoys learning and writing about a wide range of topics in her role as a MyLawQuestions writer.

Learn more...
Jessica Ellis
Jessica Ellis

With a B.A. in theater from UCLA and a graduate degree in screenwriting from the American Film Institute, Jessica is passionate about drama and film. She has many other interests, and enjoys learning and writing about a wide range of topics in her role as a MyLawQuestions writer.

Learn more...

Discussion Comments

Logicfest

@Vincenzo -- I have no problem with courts allowing them. A mugshot should have about the same impact as a criminal sitting at the defense table wearing a new suit. Do you think the criminal always dresses that way? Probably not.

The point is this. Producing a mugshot and putting on a suit at trial are kind of the same thing. They both prejudice juries either in favor of or against the defendant.

Vincenzo

A trial judge should not allow mugshots to be used in front of a jury. Ever. That is because the very existence of a photo will prejudice a jury unfairly.

Prosecutors, on the other hand, would love to get those into evidence whenever possible. That could mean the difference between winning and losing.

Terrificli

The term "mugshot" is also used in journalism when you are talking about closeup, head shots of people (those are typically used with editorial copy). If one is not familiar with that terminology, though, it can be confusing. Say a column writer is asked to send in his mugshot. If her's not familiar with journalism, that could get insulting.

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    • A mug shot is usually taken after an arrest.
      By: ia_64
      A mug shot is usually taken after an arrest.
    • Mug shots can be found online by searching police databases.
      By: SolisImages
      Mug shots can be found online by searching police databases.
    • Patrol officers should be kept abreast of wanted criminal descriptions so they know what to be on the lookout for.
      By: Susan Stevenson
      Patrol officers should be kept abreast of wanted criminal descriptions so they know what to be on the lookout for.