A heifer is a young cow, typically one who has not yet given birth to a calf. Heifers are an important part of herd dynamics, since they represent replacements for older cows. In the dairy industry, heifers are desired, since they will eventually produce milk. In the meat industry, the gender of young cattle is not as important, since they are generally destined for slaughter in either case, although some heifers may be retained to produce more calves.

Cattle in general are widespread throughout the world, and a number of complicated terms are used to refer to cows in various life stages. A bullock, for example, is a young bull, and he may grow up to be a bull or ox, or he may be neutered to become a steer. Adult female cattle are often referred to as cows, and ranchers and farmers may have additional specific terms to define the animals that they work with. These terms can get a bit confusing outside the cattle industry, and some cattle terminology requires rather graphic explanations to be comprehended.

The exact use of the term “heifer” varies. In some regions, the term is used to describe a cow who has not yet calved, up to the time of giving birth. A heifer in the last weeks of pregnancy will sometimes be called a springing heifer. In other regions, a cow may be termed a heifer through her first lactation, after which she is considered a fully adult cow. In some areas, the term “first calf heifer” is used to describe a heifer who has produced a single calf.

The handling of heifers and other young cattle varies, depending on the end destination of the animals. Cows are generally sexed at an early age across the cattle industry, with most bull calves being castrated so that they are easier to handle. Heifers have potential economic value, since they can produce calves and milk. A dairy producer generally breeds heifers as quickly as possible, to determine whether or not they produce adequate milk.

In regions of the world with programs that sponsor young farmers such as 4-H or FFA, many people like to raise heifers as a project. A heifer is generally more amiable and easy to handle than a bullock. When the heifer reaches full size, she may be auctioned off at a livestock auction, which can be an interesting learning experience, or the student may breed the heifer to expand the scope of the project.