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What does "Jus Cogens" Mean?

Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon

Jus cogens or “cogent law” is a set of principles generally deemed so important in international law that individual nations cannot pass laws that would derogate or suspend these principles. Also known as a peremptory norm, it integrates input from numerous nations on compelling legal issues deemed important for social order, as well as human rights. Nations that attempt to pass laws in violation of jus cogens can be subject to challenge and penalties.

A classic example is slavery. By international agreement, slavery has been deemed illegal and harmful to human society as a whole. The slave trade is banned under international law. Individual countries cannot pass laws permitting slavery or activities connected to the slave trade, including the use of slaves as laborers. These laws would derogate international antislavery principles. While restrictions on the legal systems of individual nations are usually considered violations of sovereignty, issues like slavery are considered so unilaterally unacceptable that bans on laws permitting slavery are allowed.

The slave trade is banned under international law.
The slave trade is banned under international law.

Other topics covered under jus cogens include genocide and torture. These human rights abuses are banned by international law and, as with slavery, nations cannot pass laws that may create legal allowances for these activities. This has proved to be a bone of contention with torture, as nations have disputed whether certain types of interrogation methods can legally be considered torture. Some nations have authorized the commission of activities like waterboarding on the grounds that they are not torture, and thus permitting them does not violate just cogens.

Some nations consider 'enhanced interrogation' to be torture.
Some nations consider 'enhanced interrogation' to be torture.

International courts exist for trying people suspected of convicting violations of international law. Organizations like the United Nations can be involved in censuring leaders and nations who participate in the passage of laws and authorizations that might undermine jus cogens. In organizations like the European Union, member nations also have the option of challenging each other in the Union's high court on the grounds that they are passing laws antithetical to the function of the EU. as well as the international community.

Legal scholars have engaged in brisk historical debate over the scope and detail of jus cogens. The goal is to strike a balance between interfering with the legal rights of individual nations to protect themselves and pass laws in the interests of their citizens, and allowing nations to engage in activities that appear to be clear violations of basic principles of decency and humanity. The basic precepts of international law are considered so sacrosanct that they cannot be abridged or infringed by individual nations.

Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon

Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the exciting challenge of being a WiseGEEK researcher and writer. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors.

Learn more...
Mary McMahon
Mary McMahon

Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the exciting challenge of being a WiseGEEK researcher and writer. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors.

Learn more...

Discussion Comments

ceilingcat

It's interesting that something like slavery, that was considered normal two or three hundred years ago is now banned under jus cogens. I think this shows that our idea of what is universally wrong can evolve and change.

It makes me wonder what practices we engage in now will be internationally illegal in 200 or so years. Will it be practices that are harmful to the environment? Abortion? Restricting women's access to abortion? I really can't guess, and I suppose I won't be around in 200 years to find out. But I still wonder!

JaneAir

@SZapper - Good point. I also wonder about the enforcement of jus cogens. Even though torture and slavery are technically illegal under international law, they still take place in some countries. Does the UN really have the resources to challenge them all?

Also, what about countries that aren't members of the United Nations? Not every country in the world is. They could claim that these laws don't apply to them since they haven't decided to become members.

Jus cogens sounds good in theory, but it seems like there are a whole lot of problems with actually enforcing it.

SZapper

Of all the legal terms to debate, I'm not surprised that legal scholars (and probably others too) have debated about jus cogens over the years. There are certain rights that I personally would consider so fundamental that no country should infringe on them. But other countries are so culturally different that everyone might not agree with me.

For example, I think that women having equal rights with men should be a matter of jus cogens, but it's clearly not. The United States even has diplomatic relations with countries in the Middle East that have laws which specifically oppress women.

I suppose this issue could be debated: cultural issue, or basic human rights? In my opinion, it's basic human rights.

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    • The slave trade is banned under international law.
      By: Andrii Salivon
      The slave trade is banned under international law.
    • Some nations consider 'enhanced interrogation' to be torture.
      By: Steven Pepple
      Some nations consider 'enhanced interrogation' to be torture.