New criticism is a type of literary criticism that focuses mainly on an extremely close and analytical reading of the text. This is opposed to the many older types of literary criticism, the focus of which is the historical and social context in which the piece was written and the biographical information about the author. Some of the advantages of new criticism are that it is so closely text-based that it invites coherent conclusions and that the analyses focus primarily on the literature itself instead of on sometimes extraneous historical and social matters. The drawbacks of employing new criticism include that it might miss vital details about the context in which the piece was written, leading to incomplete analyses and that it also might lead to uninformed conclusions if the life of the author is not examined enough along with the text.
One benefit of new criticism as a method of literary analysis is that it demands explication or close reading of the text for purposes of analysis. A work of literature is viewed as a separate entity unto itself. It is examined, analyzed and subjected to scrutiny to see what messages, themes and patterns are contained in the text itself. This means that each piece of writing that is analyzed using new criticism is vibrant, alive and full of meaning, because all of the analyses are based entirely on the text itself.
New criticism can notice subtle features that might otherwise be missed. Other types of criticism might focus only on certain elements, such as the psychology and motivation of characters in psychoanalytic literary criticism. New criticism can notice things such as the repetition of certain words, phrases or themes or the effect that the point of view or central conflict has on the work as a whole.
The drawbacks of new criticism are that it ignores the historical and social context in which the work was written as well as the author’s biographical information. Ignoring this information means overlooking the fact that what was going on where and when the piece was written can have a major effect on the work. Many critics argue that a piece of literature cannot truly be divorced from the context in which it was developed.
It can also be detrimental to serious analyses of a work to ignore the author’s life and the influence that it has upon the work, especially because authors often choose topics important to them or write works that are subconsciously or consciously autobiographical. Even explicit statements by authors from their speeches or other writings explaining the meanings of their works are ignored by new criticism. New criticism also denies the subjective way that literature can be read and interpreted. It also can be overly technical, focusing on the patterns of rhyme scheme in a work instead of the broad overall meaning, for example. Criticism types such as reader response place value on the subjective experience of individual readers when analyzing a work.
