A Cesarean section, also commonly known as a C-section, is the surgical delivery of a fetus. The most common reasons for a C-section are those situations that make vaginal delivery risky. These situations could include the position of the fetus — transverse or breech — or specific medical conditions involving the position or condition of the placenta or uterus. Additionally, other risks that serve as medical indications for C-sections include multiple births, larger than normal fetuses, and other medical conditions that may complicate a vaginal birth.
Additional reasons for a C-section include the mother’s medical history. For instance, a doctor may elect to perform a C-section if the mother has had a previous Cesarean section. This is not always the case, and a vaginal birth after Cesarean section, or VBAC, is not uncommon. In most cases, obstetricians will weight the risk factors of vaginal birth with the risk factors of a C-section. If the surgery is deemed less risky or complicated than vaginal birth, a C-section is often scheduled.
Other reasons for a C-section include emergency situations. During labor, both the mother and the fetus are monitored. If any indications, such as decrease in oxygen or heart rate, are present, an emergency C-section may occur. Typically a C-section is planned out in advance of labor, but in some cases, an unplanned operation may be necessary. Less common reasons for a C-section, including an effort to reduce the transmission of HIV from infected mothers to their babies, may warrant an elective C-section.
Though some sources dispute the frequency rate of Cesareans, the National Health Institute estimated the rate in the United States to be around 30%. This number reflects nearly one in three births being Cesarean. While the surgical procedure is one many obstetricians could likely do with their eyes closed, there is always a risk of complication with any surgical procedure. Additionally, the difference in recovery time between vaginal birth and C-section is vastly different and C-section births require longer hospital stays.
Though there are many common reasons for a C-section, many of which are unavoidable, expecting mothers should discuss the risks and benefits with an obstetrician during prenatal care. While prenatal care may not be an influencing factor in preventing a C-section, it is the best way to ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery. If a woman learns that a C-section may be necessary, she should make sure to discuss the procedure and recovery with her doctor in advance, if possible.
