A failed in vitro fertilization, or failed IVF, can be the result of poor embryo implantation, poor ovarian response, uterine infection or other problems with the uterus. It also may be caused by trauma that occurs to the embryo during the procedure. The patient's immune system also might mistake the embryo for something bad in the body, causing a failed IVF much the same way the body might reject an organ transplant.

Poor embryo implantation is one of the most common causes for a failed IVF. This might be related to either an issue with the embryo or an issue with the woman’s uterus. An infection in the uterus is the result of bacteria, which may make it difficult for an embryo to implant in the uterus. A doctor can use an ultrasound to help make sure the embryo gets into the cavity of the uterus, but this usually does not help them see if implantation occurs.

The ovaries produce eggs and, if they are unable to produce enough eggs, this also might be the cause of a failed IVF. Many doctors will consider administering certain hormones that help women produce more eggs so they can be transferred. Laparoscopic surgery may be required to put the sperm and eggs directly into a woman’s fallopian tubes. This type of procedure may decrease the chances of another failed IVF.

Trauma and bleeding can occur while a particularly difficult in vitro fertilization is being done. Many times when this happens it is the result of cervical stenosis. When cervical stenosis occurs, a woman's cervix become very narrow or may be completely shut. This type of problem may also require laparoscopic surgery to inject the embryos in a woman’s fallopian tubes, so the cervix does not have to be involved at all.

A woman’s immune system may attack and destroy an embryo that has been placed in the uterus. This usually happens because the immune system does not recognize it as something that should be in the body. Blood tests may identify the particular cells or antibodies that might be the causes of a failed IVF.

Some women have a much higher success rate with a second in vitro fertilization if their doctor understands the causes of the first, failed IVF. Most, if not all, obstetricians/gynecologists can treat their patients for infertility. Some doctors, however, focus their entire practice on treating infertility issues and are more prepared to tackle particularly problematic cases. Finding the right doctor for the situation may help to prevent future IVF failures.