What are Sandflies?
Sandflies or sand flies are minute biting insects in the order Diptera, which includes the true flies. “Sandfly” isn't a technical term, but rather a common name applied to a very diverse group of flies. These flies are found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, typically in sandy areas, and some of them carry diseases, making them a public health risk in addition to a nuisance.
People generally refer to any small, biting fly as a sandfly. Typically, only female sandflies actually bite, using the proteins in the blood they collect to build their eggs. Most sandflies are extremely small, leading to common names like “no see 'ums” or “punkies.” Sandflies are also known as sandfleas, sand gnats, or chitras. The life cycle of a sandfly requires a moist spot to lay eggs, so sandflies are especially common in areas like the seashore.
The bite of a sandfly can be formidable. Although these animals are small, their bites often sting, and an area of swelling may appear around the bite. Some people experience allergic reactions when bitten by sandflies, and they may develop hives, difficulty breathing, or other allergy symptoms. For the most part, the bites are painful, but not inherently dangerous. However, some sandfly species carry diseases like leishmaniasis, which can be problematic for their victims.
An itchy sandfly bite can be soothed with witch hazel or a similar astringent. Applications of ice and hydrocortisone cream can help reduce the swelling and itchiness. Aspirin can also ease inflammation. People should try to avoid scratching at sandfly bites, as the scratching can open up the bite, creating a small sore which would be vulnerable to infection.
In areas where sandflies carry disease, such as Africa and the Middle East, most people try to avoid being bitten. Insecticides can help deter sandflies, as can the use of citronella candles. Since sandflies are mostly active at night, surrounding an outdoor party with citronella candles can protect the guests while enhancing the décor. While sleeping, insect nets and window screens can keep sandflies out of the home or tent.
For travelers, being aware of sandfly bites is a good idea. If a medical problem emerges later, it may be useful for the doctor to know that the patient was bitten by a sandfly while traveling. Without this information, the doctor might take longer to arrive at a diagnosis and treatment plan.
Written by S.E. Smith
