A mineral is a solid inorganic substance formed by geological processes. There are about 3,000 known minerals, and new discoveries occur frequently. All minerals have a specific atomic structure, chemical composition and physical properties. Minerals range from pure elements to salts to silicates that can take thousands of different forms. Gemstones are attractive minerals that have been cut and polished for use in making jewelry.

Each mineral belongs to a chemical group that represents their affiliation with certain elements or compounds. Minerals also belong to a crystal structure group, and have other properties, such as hardness, color, luster, specific gravity, tenacity, and crystal habits associated with them. These and other properties are used to identify and classify them.

A mineral’s crystal structure is important in determining its chemical and physical properties. A crystal structure refers to the way atoms are spatially arranged in the internal structure of a mineral. The type of crystal structure one has greatly influences its physical properties. For example, graphite and diamonds are both composed of the mineral carbon, but have different crystal structures making them respectively, some of the world’s softest and hardest known compounds.

A mineral is different from a rock, which is made up of combinations of different minerals and does not always have the same chemical composition. Some rocks, such as limestone, are made up almost entirely of one mineral, while others contain many different ones. The specific minerals in a rock may vary widely as well. Rocks that contain minerals that are commercially valuable are called ores, and are mined for economic purposes.

Minerals have been important to humans for thousands of years. Wars have been fought over access to coveted minerals such as gold, silver, and diamonds. Most of the earth’s mineral resources are finite, and issues related to mineral exploitation and conservation are highly political. Some minerals are widely distributed throughout the earth, such as quartz and feldspar, while others, such as emeralds, are limited to specific geographic areas.

Collecting minerals is a popular hobby, as they can be very beautiful and have interesting physical properties. Collectors may gather their own specimens from mines or known sites, or purchase minerals from dealers and at gem and mineral shows. Many cities and towns have clubs that organize outings to collect mineral specimens and plan other educational activities.