Malaria is treated with a class of drugs which are known, unsurprisingly, as antimalarials. Antimalarial drugs are designed to attack the parasites which cause malaria, preventing them from spreading while also killing them off so that they cannot continue causing infection. The success of treatment varies, depending on what strain of malaria the patient has, whether or not the malaria is drug resistant, and whether or not the patient is able to complete the course of drugs needed to treat the malaria.

This mosquito-borne infection has been plaguing people for centuries, until the discovery of quinine allowed doctors to treat patients afflicted with the disease. However, quinine-resistant strains of malaria were quick to develop, forcing researchers to work on new classes of drugs to treat malaria. This battle between researchers and parasites continues to this day: several drug companies are constantly researching new treatments for malaria.

If a patient has what is known as uncomplicated malaria, he or she can be treated as an outpatient, ideally within 24 hours of the emergence of symptoms. The patient's blood will be tested to determine the strain causing the infection, and then an appropriate oral medication for malaria will be prescribed. Doctors must take the patient's medical history into account, along with any other drugs the patient might be taking, before deciding which antimalarial to use.

In the case of patients with severe malaria, hospitalization is required, and drugs are delivered intravenously or via suppository. Some drugs used to treat malaria include: Fansidar®, Malarone®, Lariam®, quinine, quinine sulfate, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine, and artemisin derivatives. In some cases, a combination of antimalarials will be used in case the patient's malaria is drug resistant. The cost of these drug treatments varies, and this is another consideration in malaria treatment, as it is important for patients to finish taking their malaria drugs: otherwise, they could develop drug-resistant malaria.

The best way to treat malaria, of course, is to prevent it. Prophylactic drugs are strongly recommended for people who live or travel in areas where malaria is endemic, but unfortunately many people in developing nations cannot afford prophylactic drug courses. Some charity organizations provide such drugs for free to communities in the developing world, but it is difficult to get full coverage in areas like sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. The risk of malaria can also be reduced by using mosquito netting to cover beds, screening windows, and using bug repellent to keep mosquitoes and other insects away.